---
title: landfill — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «landfill» in the school dictionary: A landfill is a large hole or site in the ground where rubbish is buried. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# landfill

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** landfill, Most, Recycling, council, Rotting, Plastic bags · **What happens:** be, bury, end up, keep, open, rot · **To what, where:** large hole, ground, rubbish, such places, landfill, plastic

<!-- .vabout -->
«landfill» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [landfill in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/landfill.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A landfill is a large hole or site in the ground where rubbish is buried.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:m1:1
# text = A landfill is a large hole or site in the ground where rubbish is buried.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	landfill	landfill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	large	large	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	hole	hole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	site	site	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
12	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	15	advmod	_	_
13	rubbish	rubbish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj:pass	_	_
14	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	aux:pass	_	_
15	buried	bury	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a landfill | a large hole or site |  | the ground |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **bury** | present · passive |  | rubbish |  |  |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Landfill is the rubbish that is buried in such places.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:m2:1
# text = Landfill is the rubbish that is buried in such places.
1	Landfill	landfill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	rubbish	rubbish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	buried	bury	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl:relcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Landfill | the rubbish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **bury** | present · passive |  | the rubbish |  | such places |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in place=Destination |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Most of our rubbish ends up in a landfill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:x1:1
# text = Most of our rubbish ends up in a landfill.
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	nsubj	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	rubbish	rubbish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	ends	end	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	landfill	landfill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end up** | present | Most of our rubbish |  |  |  |  | in a landfill *result* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient in landfill=Result |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Recycling keeps plastic out of landfill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:x2:1
# text = Recycling keeps plastic out of landfill.
1	Recycling	recycling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	plastic	plastic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	landfill	landfill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | Recycling | plastic |  | landfill |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent plastic=Theme out landfill=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The council opened a new landfill site outside town.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:x3:1
# text = The council opened a new landfill site outside town.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	council	council	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	opened	open	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	landfill	landfill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	site	site	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	outside	outside	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | past | the council | a new landfill site  town |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location site=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rotting food in landfill gives off methane gas.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:x4:1
# text = Rotting food in landfill gives off methane gas.
1	Rotting	rot	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	csubj	_	_
2	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	landfill	landfill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	off	off	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	methane	methane	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	gas	gas	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rot** | gerund |  | food |  | landfill |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **give off** | present | Rotting | methane gas |  |  |  |  | vn substance\_emission-43.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Source gas=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Plastic bags can take hundreds of years to break down in a landfill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:x5:1
# text = Plastic bags can take hundreds of years to break down in a landfill.
1	Plastic	plastic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	take	take	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	hundreds	hundred	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	break	break	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
10	down	down	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	landfill	landfill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | can | Plastic bags | hundreds of years |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Theme |
| 2 | **break down** | to-infinitive | Plastic bags *not said here* |  |  | a landfill |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our school cut its landfill waste from 50 bags to 20 bags a week, saving 30.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:x6:1
# text = Our school cut its landfill waste from 50 bags to 20 bags a week, saving 30.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	cut	cut	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	landfill	landfill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	waste	waste	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	50	50	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	12	nummod	_	_
12	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	saving	save	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
17	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | past | Our school | school's landfill waste |  | 50 bags | week | to 20 bags *result* | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2 «NP V NP.patient PP.extent PP.initial\_state PP.result»: agent=Causer waste=Patient from bag=Initial\_State to bag=Result |
| 2 | **save** | gerund | Our school *not said here* | 30 |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 30=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Old phones should be recycled, not sent to landfill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:landfill:x7:1
# text = Old phones should be recycled, not sent to landfill.
1	Old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	phones	phone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	recycled	recycle	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	8	advmod	_	_
8	sent	send	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	conj	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	landfill	landfill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **recycle** | should · passive |  | Old phones |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **send** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **landfill** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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