---
title: language — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «language» in the school dictionary: A language is the words that people use to speak and write, like English, French or Spanish. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# language

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** language, people, Sign language, computer language, set, Bad language · **What happens:** be, use, speak, write, talk, tell · **To what, where:** words, English, way, general, hand signs, set · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«language» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 11 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [language in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/language.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A language is the words that people use to speak and write, like English, French or Spanish.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:m1:1
# text = A language is the words that people use to speak and write, like English, French or Spanish.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	obj	_	_
7	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	French	French	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	conj	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	Spanish	Spanish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a language | the words |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | present | people | the words |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent that=Theme clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | to-infinitive | people *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **write** | infinitive | people *not said here* | English |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent english=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Language is the way people talk and use words in general.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:m2:1
# text = Language is the way people talk and use words in general.
1	Language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	talk	talk	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
9	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	general	general	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Language | the way |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **talk** | present | people | the way *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn compel-59.1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent way=Patient |
| 3 | **use** | present | people *not said here* | words |  | general |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sign language uses hand signs instead of spoken words.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:m3:1
# text = Sign language uses hand signs instead of spoken words.
1	Sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	9	case	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	fixed	_	_
8	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
9	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Sign language | hand signs |  |  |  | instead spoken words | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sign=Patient |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A computer language is a set of words and rules for telling a computer what to do.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:m4:1
# text = A computer language is a set of words and rules for telling a computer what to do.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	set	set	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	iobj	_	_
15	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	17	obj	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a computer language | a set |  |  |  | of words and rules | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund | a set *not said here* |  | a computer |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent computer=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bad language means rude words.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:m5:1
# text = Bad language means rude words.
1	Bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	rude	rude	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Bad language | rude words |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
12 children speak two languages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x1:1
# text = 12 children speak two languages.
1	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | 12 children | two languages |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The class learns 1 new language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x2:1
# text = The class learns 1 new language.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	learns	learn	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	1	1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
5	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | present | the class | 1 new language |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
15 pupils study French and 10 study German.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x3:1
# text = 15 pupils study French and 10 study German.
1	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	pupils	pupil	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	study	study	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
6	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	study	study	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
8	German	German	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | 15 pupils | French and 10 study |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent french=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many speak both languages?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x4:1
# text = How many speak both languages?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	nsubj	_	_
3	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | many | both languages |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Canada, people speak English and French.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x5:1
# text = In Canada, people speak English and French.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Canada	Canada	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	French	French	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | people | English and French |  | Canada |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sam's first language is Spanish.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x6:1
# text = Sam's first language is Spanish.
1	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	4	amod	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	Spanish	Spanish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Sam's first language | Spanish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our deaf friend taught us some sign language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x7:1
# text = Our deaf friend taught us some sign language.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	deaf	deaf	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	taught	teach	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	det	_	_
7	sign	sign	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **teach** *speech: other* | past | Our deaf friend | some sign language | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient language=Topic |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
His body language showed he was nervous.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x8:1
# text = His body language showed he was nervous.
1	His	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	nervous	nervous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | His body language |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | language |  |  |  |  | nervous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Python is a computer language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x9:1
# text = Python is a computer language.
1	Python	python	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Python | a computer language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please don't use bad language in class.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x10:1
# text = Please don't use bad language in class.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	4	discourse	_	_
2	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	4	advmod	_	_
4	use	use	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **use** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | bad language |  | class |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Patient |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every one speaks these words in his own language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:language:x11:1
# text = Every one speaks these words in his own language.
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	these	this	DET	DT	Number=Plur|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
8	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | every one | this words |  | his own language |  |  | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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