---
title: last — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «last» in the school dictionary: Last means coming at the end, after all the others. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# last

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Last, I, Last thing, famous last words, that, last days · **What happens:** mean, come, last, be, stay, use · **To what, where:** end, one, Last, final one, Last thing, thing · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«last» in the school dictionary: its 8 meanings for a pupil and its 13 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [last in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/last.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Last means coming at the end, after all the others.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:m1:1
# text = Last means coming at the end, after all the others.
1	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	after	after	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	11	det:predet	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Last |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **come** *not said to happen* | gerund | Last *not said here* |  |  |  | at the end; after all others |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at end=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Last means the one just before this one, as in «last week».

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:m2:1
# text = Last means the one just before this one, as in «last week».
1	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	just	just	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
6	before	before	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	8	det	_	_
8	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
10	as	as	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Last | the one |  |  | before this one |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent one=Topic |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To last is to go on for a time, or to stay good or useful.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:m3:1
# text = To last is to go on for a time, or to stay good or useful.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	last	last	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
14	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	useful	useful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **last** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  | time | go *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **stay** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | good *property* | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«At last» means finally, after a long wait.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:m4:1
# text = «At last» means finally, after a long wait.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	At	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	finally	finally	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	after	after	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	wait	wait	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | last |  |  |  |  | finally *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Last» is used for being worst: «came dead last»; «last but not least» introduces the final one with respect.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:m5:1
# text = «Last» is used for being worst: «came dead last»; «last but not least» introduces the final one with respect.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj:pass	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	8	cop	_	_
8	worst	bad	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
12	dead	dead	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
18	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
19	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	20	advmod	_	_
20	least	least	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	22	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	_
22	introduces	introduce	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	_
23	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	final	final	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
26	with	with	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
27	respect	respect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present · passive |  | Last |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: subject=Theme clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | bad *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **come** *in a quote* | past |  |  |  |  |  | last *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **introduce** | present |  | the final one |  |  |  | with respect; least *property* | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent one=Patient with respect=Instrument |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Last thing I need» means I really do not want it; «famous last words» means that will go wrong.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:m6:1
# text = «Last thing I need» means I really do not want it; «famous last words» means that will go wrong.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
9	really	really	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
10	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	want	want	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	ccomp	_	_
13	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
17	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	_
20	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
21	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	23	nsubj	_	_
22	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	23	aux	_	_
23	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	ccomp	_	_
24	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **need** *in a quote* | present | I | Last thing *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot thing=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present | Last thing |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **not** **want** | present · do-support | I | thing |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot it=Theme |
| 4 | **mean** | present | famous last words |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 5 | **go** | future | that |  |  |  |  | wrong *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: euphemism — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Breathed his last» and «his last days» gently speak of dying.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:m7:1
# text = «Breathed his last» and «his last days» gently speak of dying.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Breathed	breathe	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
12	gently	gently	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	speak	speak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
14	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	15	mark	_	_
15	dying	die	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	13	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **breathe** *in a quote* | past |  | his last |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent last=Theme |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* |  | his last days |  |  |  |  | gently *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **die** | gerund | speak *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Meaning 8 {#m8}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exams say «final», «ultimate», «terminal», «preceding» (the one before), «previous», «endure» and «the duration».

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:m8:1
# text = Exams say «final», «ultimate», «terminal», «preceding» (the one before), «previous», «endure» and «the duration».
1	Exams	exam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	final	final	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	ultimate	ultimate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	terminal	terminal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	_
18	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
21	before	before	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
24	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	previous	previous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	29	punct	_	_
28	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	29	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	endure	endure	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	20	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	29	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	34	cc	_	_
32	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	34	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	duration	duration	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Exams | final |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **precede** *in a quote* | gerund | Exams *not said here* | the one and the duration |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme one=Co-Theme |
| 3 | **endure** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Last week she sold 40 cakes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x1:1
# text = Last week she sold 40 cakes.
1	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sold	sell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	cakes	cake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | past | she | 40 cakes |  |  | week |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cake=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This week she sold 15 more than last week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x2:1
# text = This week she sold 15 more than last week.
1	This	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	det	_	_
2	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
3	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sold	sell	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	obj	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sell** | past | she | 15 more |  |  | week |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent more=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The food will last 5 days.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x3:1
# text = The food will last 5 days.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	last	last	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **last** | future | the food |  |  |  | day |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Z is the last letter of the alphabet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x4:1
# text = Z is the last letter of the alphabet.
1	Z	z	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Z | the last letter |  |  |  | of the alphabet | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He came last in the race.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x5:1
# text = He came last in the race.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	last	last	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	race	race	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | He |  |  | the race |  | last *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in race=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The film lasted two hours.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x6:1
# text = The film lasted two hours.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lasted	last	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	hours	hour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **last** | past | the film |  |  |  | hour |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
At last, the rain stopped.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x7:1
# text = At last, the rain stopped.
1	At	at	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	stopped	stop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stop** | past | the rain |  |  | last |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at last=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Who ate the last cookie?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x8:1
# text = Who ate the last cookie?
1	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	cookie	cookie	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past |  | the last cookie |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cookie=Patient |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Last one to the gate is a rotten egg!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x9:1
# text = Last one to the gate is a rotten egg!
1	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
3	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	gate	gate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	rotten	rotten	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	egg	egg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Last one to the gate | a rotten egg |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Last chance: give back my 2 dollars or I'm telling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x10:1
# text = Last chance: give back my 2 dollars or I'm telling.
1	Last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	chance	chance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	4	punct	_	_
4	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	parataxis	_	_
5	back	back	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	2	2	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	dollars	dollar	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
10	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	_
12	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give back** | infinitive |  | my 2 dollars |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dollar=Theme |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present · progressive | I |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the preceding week, 40 units were sold; in the present week, 15 units in excess thereof. Compute the present week's sales.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* In the preceding week, 40 units were sold; in the present week, 15 units in excess thereof.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x11:1
# text = In the preceding week, 40 units were sold; in the present week, 15 units in excess thereof.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	preceding	precede	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	amod	_	_
4	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	7	nummod	_	_
7	units	unit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux:pass	_	_
9	sold	sell	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	14	punct	_	_
11	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	_
17	units	unit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	conj	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	excess	excess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	_
20	thereof	thereof	ADV	RB	_	17	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **precede** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **sell** | past · passive |  | 40 units |  |  | week |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* Compute the present week's sales.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x11:2
# text = Compute the present week's sales.
1	Compute	compute	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	present	present	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	's	's	PART	POS	_	4	case	_	_
6	sales	sale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandma spent her last days at home with us.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x12:1
# text = Grandma spent her last days at home with us.
1	Grandma	grandma	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spent	spend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spend** | past | Grandma |  |  | home | day | with us | vn consume-66-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 13 {#x13}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then at last he spoke passionately.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:last:x13:1
# text = Then at last he spoke passionately.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
2	at	at	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	last	last	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	passionately	passionately	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | he |  |  | last | then | passionately *property* | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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