---
title: lateness — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lateness» in the school dictionary: Lateness is being late; arriving or happening after the right or expected time. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lateness

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Lateness, fact, teacher, you, bus, we · **What happens:** be, arrive, happen, expect, mark, speak · **To what, where:** fact, Lateness, class register, Ben, bed, train company · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lateness» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lateness in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lateness.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lateness is being late; arriving or happening after the right or expected time.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:m1:1
# text = Lateness is being late; arriving or happening after the right or expected time.
1	Lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	cop	_	_
4	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
6	arriving	arrive	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	happening	happen	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	conj	_	_
9	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	xcomp	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	expected	expect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	conj	_	_
14	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Lateness |  |  |  |  | late *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **arrive** | gerund | Lateness *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **happen** | gerund | Lateness *not said here* |  |  |  |  | right *property* | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **expect** | participle | Lateness *not said here* |  |  |  | time |  | vn conjecture-29.5-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fact that it is late in the day or night: because of the lateness of the hour.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:m2:1
# text = The fact that it is late in the day or night: because of the lateness of the hour.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fact	fact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	late	late	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	acl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
13	because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	16	case	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	fixed	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | fact | the fact *not said here* |  |  | day | late *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lateness is marked in the class register.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:x1:1
# text = Lateness is marked in the class register.
1	Lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	marked	mark	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	register	register	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mark** | present · passive |  | Lateness |  | the class register |  |  | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.theme PP.destination»: subject=Theme in register=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher spoke to Ben about his lateness.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:x2:1
# text = The teacher spoke to Ben about his lateness.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	Ben	Ben	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the teacher |  | Ben |  |  | about teacher's lateness | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.co-agent PP.topic»: agent=Agent to ben=Co-Agent about lateness=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please excuse my lateness; the bus broke down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:x3:1
# text = Please excuse my lateness; the bus broke down.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	excuse	excuse	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	broke	break	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	_
9	down	down	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **excuse** | imperative | you *not said here* | my lateness |  |  |  |  | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lateness=Theme |
| 2 | **break down** | past | the bus |  |  |  |  |  | vn break-45.1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Because of the lateness of the hour, we went straight to bed.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:x4:1
# text = Because of the lateness of the hour, we went straight to bed.
1	Because	because	ADP	IN	ExtPos=ADP	4	case	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	1	fixed	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
9	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	straight	straight	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
12	to	to	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | we |  |  | bed |  | because the lateness of the hour | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme to bed=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The train company apologised for the lateness of the service.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:x5:1
# text = The train company apologised for the lateness of the service.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	apologised	apologise	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	service	service	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **apologise** *speech: apologize* | participle |  | the train company *not said here* |  |  |  | for the lateness of the service | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Repeated lateness can mean missing important lessons.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:x6:1
# text = Repeated lateness can mean missing important lessons.
1	Repeated	repeat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	amod	_	_
2	lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	missing	missing	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	important	important	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	lessons	lesson	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **repeat** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |
| 2 | **mean** | can | Repeated lateness | missing important lessons |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lesson=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lateness of the hour was almost the biggest thing of all.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lateness:x7:1
# text = The lateness of the hour was almost the biggest thing of all.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lateness	lateness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	hour	hour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	biggest	big	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	10	amod	_	_
10	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the lateness of the hour | the biggest thing |  |  |  | of all; almost *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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