---
title: learner — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «learner» in the school dictionary: A learner is a person who is learning something, like a pupil at school or someone learning a new skill. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# learner

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** learner, person, learner driver, L plate, She, car · **What happens:** be, learn, drive, not pass, show, pick up · **To what, where:** person, something, new skill, someone, car, fast learner · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«learner» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [learner in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/learner.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A learner is a person who is learning something, like a pupil at school or someone learning a new skill.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:m1:1
# text = A learner is a person who is learning something, like a pupil at school or someone learning a new skill.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	learner	learner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	acl:relcl	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	pupil	pupil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
14	at	at	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	13	conj	_	_
18	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	17	acl	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	skill	skill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a learner | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **learn** | present · progressive | a person | something |  |  |  | like a pupil at school | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Topic |
| 3 | **learn** | gerund |  | a new skill |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skill=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A learner driver is someone learning to drive a car who has not passed the driving test yet.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:m2:1
# text = A learner driver is someone learning to drive a car who has not passed the driving test yet.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	learner	learner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
6	learning	learn	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	drive	drive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	14	nsubj:pass	_	_
12	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	aux	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	14	advmod	_	_
14	passed	pass	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl:relcl	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	driving	driving	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
18	yet	yet	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a learner driver | someone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **learn** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **drive** | to-infinitive |  | a car |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme car=Trajectory |
| 4 | **not** **pass** | present · perfect · passive |  | a car |  |  | yet |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: subject=Recipient test=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK, Ireland — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An L-plate (a red L on white) shows that a car is driven by a learner.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:m3:1
# text = An L-plate (a red L on white) shows that a car is driven by a learner.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	L	l	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	plate	plate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
5	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	L	l	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	_
12	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	17	mark	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	driven	drive	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	ccomp	_	_
18	by	by	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	learner	learner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	12	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | a L plate and a red L on white |  |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V how S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **drive** | present · passive | a learner | a car |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme subject=Trajectory |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She's a fast learner and picked up chess in a week.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:x1:1
# text = She's a fast learner and picked up chess in a week.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	fast	fast	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	learner	learner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
7	picked	pick	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	amod	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	_
9	chess	chess	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	week	week	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | She | a fast learner and picked chess |  |  | week |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pick up** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84-1 «NP V PP.topic S\_ING»: agent=Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The car had L-plates because Mum is a learner driver.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:x2:1
# text = The car had L-plates because Mum is a learner driver.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	L	L	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	plates	plate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
8	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	learner	learner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the car | L plates |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plate=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Mum | a learner driver |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our school wants every learner to feel welcome.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:x3:1
# text = Our school wants every learner to feel welcome.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wants	want	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	learner	learner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	feel	feel	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
8	welcome	welcome	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **want** | present | Our school | every learner |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **feel** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | every learner *not said here* |  |  |  |  | welcome *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
English learners often find spelling tricky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:x4:1
# text = English learners often find spelling tricky.
1	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	learners	learner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	often	often	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	find	find	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	tricky	tricky	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | present | English learners | spelling |  |  |  | often, tricky *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spelling=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Be patient with learners; everyone starts somewhere.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:x5:1
# text = Be patient with learners; everyone starts somewhere.
1	Be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	cop	_	_
2	patient	patient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	learners	learner	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	everyone	everyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Tot	7	nsubj	_	_
7	starts	start	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	somewhere	somewhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with learners; patient *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **start** | present | everyone |  |  |  |  | somewhere *property* | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad's a learner on the guitar, so it sounds a bit wobbly.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:learner:x6:1
# text = Dad's a learner on the guitar, so it sounds a bit wobbly.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	learner	learner	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	guitar	guitar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	so	so	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
10	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	sounds	sound	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
14	wobbly	wobbly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Dad | a learner |  | the guitar |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sound** | present | guitar | a bit |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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