---
title: lecturer — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lecturer» in the school dictionary: A person who teaches students at a university or college, often by giving talks called lectures. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lecturer

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, talks, aunt, lecturer, students, visiting lecturer · **What happens:** teach, give, call, be, show, take · **To what, where:** students, university, talks, lectures, talk, audience · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lecturer» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lecturer in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lecturer.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person who teaches students at a university or college, often by giving talks called lectures.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:m1:1
# text = A person who teaches students at a university or college, often by giving talks called lectures.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	teaches	teach	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	students	student	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	university	university	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	college	college	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	often	often	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
13	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
14	giving	give	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
15	talks	talk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
17	lectures	lecture	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **teach** *speech: other* | present | a person |  | students | a university or college |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent student=Recipient |
| 2 | **give** | gerund | a person *not said here* | talks |  |  |  | often *property* | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent talk=Theme |
| 3 | **call** | participle | talks *not said here* | lectures |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Anyone who gives a talk to an audience.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:m2:1
# text = Anyone who gives a talk to an audience.
1	Anyone	anyone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
2	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	acl:relcl	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	talk	talk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	audience	audience	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present |  | a talk | a audience |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent talk=Theme to audience=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My aunt is a lecturer in chemistry at the university.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:x1:1
# text = My aunt is a lecturer in chemistry at the university.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	aunt	aunt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lecturer	lecturer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	chemistry	chemistry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	university	university	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My aunt | a lecturer |  | chemistry |  | at the university | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lecturer showed slides of the planets.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:x2:1
# text = The lecturer showed slides of the planets.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lecturer	lecturer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	slides	slide	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	planets	planet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | the lecturer | slides of the planets |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent slide=Recipient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The students took notes while the lecturer spoke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:x3:1
# text = The students took notes while the lecturer spoke.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	students	student	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	notes	note	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	while	while	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lecturer	lecturer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | the students | notes |  |  |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent note=Theme |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the lecturer |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A visiting lecturer talked about whales.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:x4:1
# text = A visiting lecturer talked about whales.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	visiting	visit	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	amod	_	_
3	lecturer	lecturer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	talked	talk	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	whales	whale	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **talk** | past | a visiting lecturer |  |  |  |  | about whales | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about whale=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum said, «Stop lecturing me, I'm not one of your students!»

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:x5:1
# text = Mum said, «Stop lecturing me, I'm not one of your students!»
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Stop	stop	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	ccomp	_	_
6	lecturing	lecture	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	xcomp	_	_
7	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
11	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	12	advmod	_	_
12	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	conj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	students	student	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: express* | past | Mum |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **stop** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Affector clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **lecture** *speech: other* *in a quote* | gerund |  | Mum |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **is a** *in a quote* | present | Mum | one |  |  |  | of your students | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He became a lecturer after finishing his PhD.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:x6:1
# text = He became a lecturer after finishing his PhD.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	lecturer	lecturer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	xcomp	_	_
5	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	finishing	finish	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
7	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	PhD	phd	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **become** | past | He | a lecturer |  |  |  |  | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **finish** | gerund | He *not said here* | lecturer's PhD |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality phd=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"At nine o'clock the lecturer commenced his lecture and his experiments, and then I formed a part of his audience.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lecturer:x7:1
# text = "At nine o'clock the lecturer commenced his lecture and his experiments, and then I formed a part of his audience.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	At	at	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	nine	nine	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	o'clock	o'clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lecturer	lecturer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	commenced	commence	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	lecture	lecture	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	experiments	experiment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
15	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	17	advmod	_	_
16	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	17	nsubj	_	_
17	formed	form	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obj	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
21	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	22	nmod:poss	_	_
22	audience	audience	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **commence** *in a quote* | past | the lecturer | lecturer's lecture and lecturer's experiments |  | nine o'clock |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lecture=Eventuality |
| 2 | **form** *in a quote* | past | I | a part of lecturer's audience |  |  | then |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location part=Theme |
| 3 | **lecture** *in a quote* |  | lecturer |  |  |  |  |  | nom lecture «communication intransitive»: poss=agent |
| 4 | **experiment** *in a quote* |  | lecturer |  |  |  |  |  | nom experiment «act intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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