---
title: ledge — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ledge» in the school dictionary: A ledge is a narrow, flat shelf sticking out from a wall, cliff or window. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ledge

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ledge, narrow flat shelf, window ledge, bird, you, cat · **What happens:** be, stick out, build, put, rest, sit · **To what, where:** narrow flat shelf, wall, shelf, bottom, nest, cliff ledge

<!-- .vabout -->
«ledge» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ledge in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ledge.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ledge is a narrow, flat shelf sticking out from a wall, cliff or window.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:m1:1
# text = A ledge is a narrow, flat shelf sticking out from a wall, cliff or window.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	sticking	stick	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	acl	_	_
10	out	out	ADP	RP	_	9	compound:prt	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a ledge | a narrow flat shelf |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **stick out** | gerund | a narrow flat shelf *not said here* |  |  | a wall and cliff or window |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A window ledge (or windowsill) is the shelf at the bottom of a window.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:m2:1
# text = A window ledge (or windowsill) is the shelf at the bottom of a window.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
4	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	windowsill	windowsill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	at	at	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a window ledge | the shelf |  | the bottom of a window |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bird built its nest on the cliff ledge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:x1:1
# text = A bird built its nest on the cliff ledge.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	built	build	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	nest	nest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	cliff	cliff	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | participle | a bird | bird's nest |  | the cliff ledge |  |  | vn base-97.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent nest=Theme on ledge=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put the plant on the window ledge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:x2:1
# text = Put the plant on the window ledge.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* | the plant |  | the window ledge |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent plant=Theme on ledge=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The climber rested on a narrow ledge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:x3:1
# text = The climber rested on a narrow ledge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	climber	climber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	rested	rest	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rest** | participle |  | the climber *not said here* |  | a narrow ledge |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on ledge=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cat sat on the ledge watching birds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:x4:1
# text = The cat sat on the ledge watching birds.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cat	cat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	watching	watch	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | the cat |  |  | the ledge |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on ledge=Location |
| 2 | **watch** | gerund | the cat *not said here* | birds |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Never stand on a high ledge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:x5:1
# text = Never stand on a high ledge.
1	Never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	2	advmod	_	_
2	stand	stand	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **stand** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | a high ledge |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on ledge=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The book fell off the ledge.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:x6:1
# text = The book fell off the ledge.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	off	off	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall off** | past | the book | the ledge |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1-1 «NP.patient V NP.extent PP.source PP.goal»: agent=Patient ledge=Extent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The red in his eye had caught sight of Peter’s medicine standing on a ledge within easy reach.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledge:x7:1
# text = The red in his eye had caught sight of Peter’s medicine standing on a ledge within easy reach.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
8	sight	sight	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	Peter	Peter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	’s	's	PART	POS	_	10	case	_	_
12	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	_
13	standing	stand	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	acl	_	_
14	on	on	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	ledge	ledge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
17	within	within	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	easy	easy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	reach	reach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | past · perfect · passive |  | the red |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP.beneficiary NP»: subject=Beneficiary sight=Theme |
| 2 | **stand** | gerund | Peter's medicine *not said here* |  |  | a ledge |  | within easy reach | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on ledge=Location |
| 3 | **sight** |  |  | Peter's medicine |  |  |  |  | nom sight «cognition transitive»: of=patient |
| 4 | **medicine** |  | Peter |  |  |  |  |  | nom medicine «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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