---
title: ledger — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ledger» in the school dictionary: A ledger is a book or computer file where a business writes down money coming in and money going out. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ledger

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ledger, business, money, shopkeeper, class, 15 pounds · **What happens:** be, write down, come in, go out, write, keep · **To what, where:** book file, money, written record, list, sale, ledger · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«ledger» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ledger in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ledger.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ledger is a book or computer file where a business writes down money coming in and money going out.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledger:m1:1
# text = A ledger is a book or computer file where a business writes down money coming in and money going out.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ledger	ledger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	file	file	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	12	advmod	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
12	writes	write	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
13	down	down	ADP	RP	_	12	compound:prt	_	_
14	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	_
15	coming	come	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	14	acl	_	_
16	in	in	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
19	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	18	acl	_	_
20	out	out	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a ledger | a book file |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **write down** | present | a business | money and money |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent money=Theme |
| 3 | **come in** | gerund | money and money *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **go out** | gerund | money *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn interact-36.6 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ledger is any written record of things, like a list kept over time.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledger:m2:1
# text = A ledger is any written record of things, like a list kept over time.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ledger	ledger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	6	det	_	_
5	written	write	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	record	record	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	list	list	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
13	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	12	acl	_	_
14	over	over	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a ledger | any written record and a list |  |  |  | of things | tree rules |
| 3 | **keep** | participle |  | a list *not said here* |  |  | time |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shopkeeper wrote every sale in the ledger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledger:x1:1
# text = The shopkeeper wrote every sale in the ledger.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shopkeeper	shopkeeper	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wrote	write	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	5	det	_	_
5	sale	sale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ledger	ledger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | past | the shopkeeper | every sale |  | the ledger |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent sale=Theme in ledger=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class kept a ledger for the bake sale money.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledger:x2:1
# text = Our class kept a ledger for the bake sale money.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	kept	keep	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ledger	ledger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	bake	bake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	sale	sale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | past | Our class | a ledger |  |  |  | for the sale money | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ledger=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Money in: 40 pounds, money out: 15 pounds — what does the ledger show left?

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledger:x3:1
# text = Money in: 40 pounds, money out: 15 pounds — what does the ledger show left?
1	Money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	1	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
4	40	40	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	pounds	pound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
8	out	out	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	15	15	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	pounds	pound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
12	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
13	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	14	nsubj	_	_
14	does	do	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	parataxis	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	ledger	ledger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	show	show	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	_
18	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | present | 15 pounds | the ledger show |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent show=Eventuality |
| 2 | **leave** | participle |  | the ledger show *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old ledger was full of neat handwriting.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledger:x4:1
# text = The old ledger was full of neat handwriting.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	ledger	ledger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	neat	neat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	handwriting	handwriting	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the old ledger |  |  |  |  | of neat handwriting; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Banks now keep ledgers on computers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledger:x5:1
# text = Banks now keep ledgers on computers.
1	Banks	bank	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
3	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	ledgers	ledger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	computers	computer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | Banks | ledgers |  | computers | now |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent ledger=Theme on computer=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Check the ledger to see who paid.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ledger:x6:1
# text = Check the ledger to see who paid.
1	Check	check	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	ledger	ledger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	paid	pay	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **check** | imperative | you *not said here* | the ledger |  |  |  |  | vn assessment-34.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ledger=Theme |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | the ledger *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **pay** | past |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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