---
title: left — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «left» in the school dictionary: Left means still there after some has gone or been used: «Two cakes are left». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# left

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** some, Left, something, most people, people, He · **What happens:** leave, mean, go, use, be, go away · **To what, where:** Two cakes, past, place, something, side, watch · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«left» in the school dictionary: its 7 meanings for a pupil and its 12 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [left in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/left.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Left means still there after some has gone or been used: «Two cakes are left».

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:m1:1
# text = Left means still there after some has gone or been used: «Two cakes are left».
1	Left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	still	still	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	2	advmod	_	_
5	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
6	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	8	nsubj	_	_
7	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux	_	_
8	gone	go	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	2	parataxis	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	17	punct	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	Two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	15	nummod	_	_
15	cakes	cake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj:pass	_	_
16	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux:pass	_	_
17	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  | there |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **go** | present · perfect | some |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 4 | **use** | participle · passive | some *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V» |
| 5 | **leave** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | Two cakes |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Left is the past of leave: to go away from a place, or to let something stay where it is.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:m2:1
# text = Left is the past of leave: to go away from a place, or to let something stay where it is.
1	Left	left	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	past	past	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	leave	leave	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	go	go	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
10	away	away	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
16	to	to	PART	TO	_	17	mark	_	_
17	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
18	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	17	obj	_	_
19	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	_
20	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	22	advmod	_	_
21	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Left | the past |  |  |  | of leave | tree rules |
| 2 | **go away** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | a place |  | away *property* | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme from place=Initial\_Location |
| 3 | **let** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **stay** | infinitive | something *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 5 | **be** | present | Left |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Left is a side: the side where most people wear a watch, the opposite of right.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:m3:1
# text = Left is a side: the side where most people wear a watch, the opposite of right.
1	Left	left	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	side	side	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
8	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	11	advmod	_	_
9	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	10	amod	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
11	wear	wear	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	watch	watch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	opposite	opposite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Left | a side |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **wear** | present | most people | a watch |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent watch=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The left in politics means people who want more sharing and change.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:m4:1
# text = The left in politics means people who want more sharing and change.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	left	left	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	politics	politics	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	2	nmod	_	_
5	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	want	want	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	sharing	sharing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	change	change	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | the left in politics | people |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Topic |
| 2 | **want** | present | people | more sharing and change |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot sharing=Theme |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: euphemism — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«He left us» or «she's left this world» can gently mean someone died; «let go» or «left the company» may mean lost a job.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:m5:1
# text = «He left us» or «she's left this world» can gently mean someone died; «let go» or «left the company» may mean lost a job.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	nsubj	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux:pass	_	_
10	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
11	this	this	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	12	det	_	_
12	world	world	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
14	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	16	aux	_	_
15	gently	gently	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
17	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	18	nsubj	_	_
18	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	16	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
20	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	16	parataxis	_	_
22	go	go	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
24	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	26	cc	_	_
25	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	26	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	21	conj	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	26	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	26	punct	_	_
30	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	31	aux	_	_
31	mean	mean	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	26	conj	_	_
32	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	31	ccomp	_	_
33	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	34	det	_	_
34	job	job	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	32	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	16	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** *in a quote* | past | He | us |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme |
| 2 | **leave** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | she |  |  |  |  | vn sustain-55.6-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: subject=Theme world=Attribute |
| 3 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  | gently *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **die** | past | someone |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 5 | **let** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 6 | **go** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn disappearance-48.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 7 | **leave** *in a quote* | past |  | the company |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent company=Theme |
| 8 | **mean** | may |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 9 | **lose** | participle |  | a job |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent job=Eventuality |

## Meaning 6 {#m6}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: casual — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Left, right and centre» means everywhere; «out of left field» (US) means strange, unexpected.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:m6:1
# text = «Left, right and centre» means everywhere; «out of left field» (US) means strange, unexpected.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Left	left	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
4	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	centre	centre	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	everywhere	everywhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	out	out	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	amod	_	_
15	field	field	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
17	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	18	punct	_	_
20	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
21	strange	strange	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	unexpected	unexpected	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Left and centre |  |  |  |  | everywhere *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **leave** *in a quote* | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **mean** | present | left field |  |  |  |  | strange *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 7 {#m7}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: formal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Exams say «remaining», «the remainder», «residual», «outstanding» or «departed» for left.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:m7:1
# text = Exams say «remaining», «the remainder», «residual», «outstanding» or «departed» for left.
1	Exams	exam	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	say	say	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	remainder	remainder	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	residual	residual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	outstanding	outstanding	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	17	punct	_	_
19	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
20	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	21	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	departed	depart	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	21	punct	_	_
23	for	for	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	left	left	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | present | Exams |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **remain** *in a quote* | gerund | Exams *not said here* | the remainder |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **depart** *in a quote* | participle | Exams *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for left | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
How many apples does Tom have left?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x1:1
# text = How many apples does Tom have left?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	apples	apple	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
5	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	aux	_	_
7	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present · perfect · passive · do-support |  | many apples |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Anna had 10 sweets and ate 4. How many are left?

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* Anna had 10 sweets and ate 4.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x2:1
# text = Anna had 10 sweets and ate 4.
1	Anna	Anna	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	10	10	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	sweets	sweet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
7	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Anna | 10 sweets |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sweet=Patient |
| 2 | **eat** | past | Anna *not said here* | 4 |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent 4=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* How many are left?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x2:2
# text = How many are left?
1	How	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present · passive |  | many |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ben left 3 books at school.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x3:1
# text = Ben left 3 books at school.
1	Ben	Ben	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	3	3	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | Ben | 3 books |  | school |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent book=Theme at school=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Turn left at the post office.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x4:1
# text = Turn left at the post office.
1	Turn	turn	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	left	left	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	post	post	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	office	office	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the post office |  | left *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme at office=Trajectory |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The train left at 6 o'clock.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x5:1
# text = The train left at 6 o'clock.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	train	train	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	6	6	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	o'clock	o'clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | participle |  | the train *not said here* |  | 6 o'clock |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent at o'clock=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write with your left hand.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x6:1
# text = Write with your left hand.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	left	left	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with your left hand | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We ate the left-over pizza for lunch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x7:1
# text = We ate the left-over pizza for lunch.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	ate	eat	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	left	left	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	pizza	pizza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	lunch	lunch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | past | We | the left pizza |  |  |  | for lunch | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pizza=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Look right, then left, then right again before you cross.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x8:1
# text = Look right, then left, then right again before you cross.
1	Look	look	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	1	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	9	advmod	_	_
8	right	right	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	again	again	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
10	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	cross	cross	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  | right *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |
| 2 | **leave** | participle | you *not said here* |  |  |  | then; again |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **cross** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn contiguous\_location-47.8-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
how many he got left then, after giving 4 away?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x9:1
# text = how many he got left then, after giving 4 away?
1	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	2	advmod	_	_
2	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	got	get	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	after	after	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
9	giving	give	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
10	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	obj	_	_
11	away	away	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past · passive |  | many |  |  | then |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |
| 2 | **give away** | gerund |  | 4 |  |  |  | away *property* | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent 4=Theme |

## Example 10 {#x10}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Oi, you've left me 1 chip, cheers a lot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x10:1
# text = Oi, you've left me 1 chip, cheers a lot.
1	Oi	oi	INTJ	UH	_	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
6	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	iobj	_	_
7	1	1	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	chip	chip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	cheers	cheer	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | present · perfect | you | 1 chip | me |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent i=Theme |
| 2 | **cheer** | present |  | a lot |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus lot=Experiencer |

## Example 11 {#x11}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ascertain the number of items remaining in the possession of the purchaser after 4 are consumed.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x11:1
# text = Ascertain the number of items remaining in the possession of the purchaser after 4 are consumed.
1	Ascertain	ascertain	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	items	item	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	nsubj:pass	_	_
6	remaining	remain	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	acl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	possession	possession	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	purchaser	purchaser	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	after	after	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	4	4	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	obl	_	_
15	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	consumed	consume	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ascertain** | imperative | you *not said here* | the number |  |  |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Topic |
| 2 | **remain** | gerund | items *not said here* |  |  | the possession of the purchaser | after 4 |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in possession=Location |
| 3 | **consume** | present · passive | the number *not said here* | items |  |  |  |  | vn consume-66 «NP V NP»: subject=Asset |
| 4 | **possess** |  |  | the purchaser |  |  |  |  | nom possession «act transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 12 {#x12}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandpa left us last year (he died), and we miss him.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:left:x12:1
# text = Grandpa left us last year (he died), and we miss him.
1	Grandpa	grandpa	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	left	leave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	year	year	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
12	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	miss	miss	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
14	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | past | Grandpa | us |  |  | year |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Theme |
| 2 | **die** | past | Grandpa |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |
| 3 | **miss** | present | we | Grandpa |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer he=Stimulus |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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