---
title: lent — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lent» in the school dictionary: Past of «lend»: gave something to someone for a short time, expecting to get it back (I lent him my pen). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lent

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** I, many Christians, Jack, library, She, cousin · **What happens:** lend, give, expect, get back, pray, give up · **To what, where:** something, someone, it, pen, him, rubber

<!-- .vabout -->
«lent» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lent in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lent.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Past of «lend»: gave something to someone for a short time, expecting to get it back (I lent him my pen).

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:m1:1
# text = Past of «lend»: gave something to someone for a short time, expecting to get it back (I lent him my pen).
1	Past	past	ADP	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	of	of	ADP	IN	_	1	fixed	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	lend	lend	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
7	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obl	_	_
11	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	expecting	expect	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	7	advcl	_	_
17	to	to	PART	TO	_	18	mark	_	_
18	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	18	obj	_	_
20	back	back	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
21	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	23	nsubj	_	_
23	lent	lend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
24	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	23	obj	_	_
25	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	pen	pen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
27	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	23	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lend** *in a quote* | imperative |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **give** | past |  | something | someone |  | time |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent something=Theme to someone=Recipient |
| 3 | **expect** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn wish-62 «NP V for NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 4 | **get back** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus |
| 5 | **lend** | past | I | my pen | him *= he* |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient pen=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lent: in the Christian calendar, the forty days before Easter, when many Christians pray and give something up, like sweets.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:m2:1
# text = Lent: in the Christian calendar, the forty days before Easter, when many Christians pray and give something up, like sweets.
1	Lent	lend	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	Christian	Christian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	calendar	calendar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	forty	forty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	appos	_	_
11	before	before	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Easter	Easter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	17	advmod	_	_
15	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	Christians	Christian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
17	pray	pray	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	give	give	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	conj	_	_
20	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	19	obj	_	_
21	up	up	ADP	RP	_	19	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
23	like	like	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
24	sweets	sweet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lend** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **pray** | present | many Christians |  |  |  |  |  | vn long-32.2 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 3 | **give up** | present | many Christians *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Source |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I lent my rubber to Jack and he never gave it back.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:x1:1
# text = I lent my rubber to Jack and he never gave it back.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lent	lend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	rubber	rubber	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Jack	Jack	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	10	advmod	_	_
10	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	obj	_	_
12	back	back	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lend** | past | I | my rubber | Jack |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent rubber=Theme to jack=Recipient |
| 2 | **not** **give back** | past | Jack | rubber |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The library lent us ten books for the project.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:x2:1
# text = The library lent us ten books for the project.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lent	lend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	ten	ten	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	project	project	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lend** | past | the library | ten books | us |  |  | for the project | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent we=Recipient book=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She lent a hand with the washing up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:x3:1
# text = She lent a hand with the washing up.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lent	lend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	washing	washing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lend up** | past | She | a hand |  |  |  | with the washing | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
For Lent, my cousin gave up chocolate.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:x4:1
# text = For Lent, my cousin gave up chocolate.
1	For	for	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Lent	Lent	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give up** | past | my cousin | chocolate |  |  |  | for Lent | vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent chocolate=Source |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lent lasts forty days, until Easter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:x5:1
# text = Lent lasts forty days, until Easter.
1	Lent	Lent	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lasts	last	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	forty	forty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	until	until	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Easter	Easter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **last** | present | Lent |  |  |  | until Easter; day |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We eat pancakes the day before Lent begins.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:x6:1
# text = We eat pancakes the day before Lent begins.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	eat	eat	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	pancakes	pancake	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl:unmarked	_	_
6	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
7	Lent	Lent	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	begins	begin	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **eat** | present | We | pancakes |  |  | day |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent pancake=Patient |
| 2 | **begin** | present | Lent |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Who lent you that bike?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:x7:1
# text = Who lent you that bike?
1	Who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lent	lend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	det	_	_
5	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lend** | past |  | that bike | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent you=Recipient bike=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Thereupon the rich man lent him twenty roubles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lent:x8:1
# text = Thereupon the rich man lent him twenty roubles.
1	Thereupon	thereupon	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	rich	rich	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	lent	lend	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	_
7	twenty	twenty	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	roubles	rouble	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lend** | past | the rich man | twenty roubles | him *= he* |  |  | thereupon *property* | vn give-13.1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient rouble=Theme |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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