---
title: ler — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ler» in the school dictionary: «Ler» is not a usual English word on its own; it is most often a piece of a longer word, for example the end of «butler», «sprinkler» or «tumbler». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ler

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Ler, children, story, last three letters, old books, sea god · **What happens:** not be, be, tell, turn, spell, name · **To what, where:** usual English word, own, piece, sea god, old Irish stories, swans · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«ler» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 5 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ler in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ler.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Ler» is not a usual English word on its own; it is most often a piece of a longer word, for example the end of «butler», «sprinkler» or «tumbler».

<!-- fold The tree, 29 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ler:m1:1
# text = «Ler» is not a usual English word on its own; it is most often a piece of a longer word, for example the end of «butler», «sprinkler» or «tumbler».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Ler	ler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	usual	usual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	19	nsubj	_	_
15	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	19	cop	_	_
16	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	17	advmod	_	_
17	often	often	ADV	RB	_	19	advmod	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	piece	piece	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
21	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
22	longer	long	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	23	amod	_	_
23	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	26	punct	_	_
25	for	for	ADP	IN	_	26	case	_	_
26	example	example	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	_
29	of	of	ADP	IN	_	31	case	_	_
30	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	31	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
31	butler	butler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	35	punct	_	_
34	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	35	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
35	sprinkler	sprinkler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
36	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	35	punct	_	_
37	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	39	cc	_	_
38	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
39	tumbler	tumbler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	35	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
40	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	39	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
41	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is a** | present | Ler | a usual English word |  | Ler's own |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Ler | a piece |  |  |  | of a longer word for example  the end of butler; often *property* | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ler (Lir) is a sea god in old Irish stories; the tale of «The Children of Lir» is about his children turned into swans.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ler:m2:1
# text = Ler (Lir) is a sea god in old Irish stories; the tale of «The Children of Lir» is about his children turned into swans.
1	Ler	ler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	Lir	lir	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	3	punct	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	god	god	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
11	Irish	Irish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	stories	story	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	15	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	tale	tale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	ccomp	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	Children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nmod	_	_
20	of	of	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
21	Lir	Lir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	15	punct	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	27	cop	_	_
24	about	about	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
25	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	26	nmod:poss	_	_
26	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	nsubj	_	_
27	turned	turn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	8	parataxis	_	_
28	into	into	ADP	IN	_	29	case	_	_
29	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ler | a sea god |  | old Irish stories |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **is** | present | Lir's children |  |  | swans |  | turn *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **tell** |  | the Children of Lir |  |  |  |  |  | nom tale «communication intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The story «The Children of Lir» is an old Irish legend.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ler:x1:1
# text = The story «The Children of Lir» is an old Irish legend.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	story	story	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Lir	Lir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	13	cop	_	_
10	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
11	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
12	Irish	Irish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	legend	legend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the story | a old Irish legend |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lir's children were turned into swans.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ler:x2:1
# text = Lir's children were turned into swans.
1	Lir	Lir	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
4	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	turned	turn	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	into	into	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **turn** | past · passive |  | Lir's children |  | swans |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: subject=Theme into swan=Trajectory |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In «butler», the last three letters are l-e-r.

<!-- fold The tree, 10 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ler:x3:1
# text = In «butler», the last three letters are l-e-r.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	butler	butler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
7	last	last	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
8	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	15	nsubj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	15	cop	_	_
11	l	l	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	e	e	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	r	r	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the last three letters | l e r |  | butler |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some old books spell the sea god's name Ler.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ler:x4:1
# text = Some old books spell the sea god's name Ler.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	spell	spell	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	god	god	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
10	Ler	Ler	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spell** | present | some old books | the sea god's name |  |  |  |  | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent name=Theme |
| 2 | **name** |  | the sea god |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Words like «sprinkler» end in -ler.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ler:x5:1
# text = Words like «sprinkler» end in -ler.
1	Words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	like	like	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	sprinkler	sprinkler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	end	end	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	ler	ler	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **end** | present | Words like sprinkler |  |  | ler |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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