---
title: levant — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «levant» in the school dictionary: The Levant is an old name for the lands on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, today mainly Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine and Jordan, and sometimes Cyprus and parts of Turkey. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# levant

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Levant, Phoenicians, Crusader castles, Hummus, Merchants · **What happens:** be, levant, run away, pay, stand, bring · **To what, where:** old name, debts, sailors, Levant, spices, ports

<!-- .vabout -->
«levant» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [levant in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/levant.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Levant is an old name for the lands on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, today mainly Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine and Jordan, and sometimes Cyprus and parts of Turkey.

<!-- fold The tree, 32 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:levant:m1:1
# text = The Levant is an old name for the lands on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, today mainly Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Palestine and Jordan, and sometimes Cyprus and parts of Turkey.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Levant	Levant	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	lands	land	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
12	eastern	eastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	shore	shore	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
16	Mediterranean	Mediterranean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	compound	_	_
17	Sea	Sea	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	today	today	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	compound	_	_
20	mainly	mainly	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	Lebanon	Lebanon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	23	punct	_	_
23	Syria	Syria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	Israel	Israel	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	27	punct	_	_
27	Palestine	Palestine	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	_
28	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	29	cc	_	_
29	Jordan	Jordan	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	33	punct	_	_
31	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	33	cc	_	_
32	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	33	advmod	_	_
33	Cyprus	Cyprus	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	21	conj	_	_
34	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	35	cc	_	_
35	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	conj	_	_
36	of	of	ADP	IN	_	37	case	_	_
37	Turkey	Turkey	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	35	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
38	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Levant | a old name |  |  |  | for the lands on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea  today Lebanon and Syria and Israel and Palestine and Jordan and Cyprus and parts of Turkey | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old slang, UK, rare — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To levant was to run away without paying your debts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:levant:m2:1
# text = To levant was to run away without paying your debts.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	levant	levant	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	run	run	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	away	away	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
7	without	without	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	paying	pay	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
9	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	debts	debt	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **levant** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **run away** | past |  |  |  |  |  | away *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **pay** | gerund |  | your debts |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent debt=Asset |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Phoenicians were sailors from the Levant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:levant:x1:1
# text = The Phoenicians were sailors from the Levant.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Phoenicians	Phoenician	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	sailors	sailor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Levant	Levant	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | the Phoenicians | sailors |  | the Levant |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Crusader castles still stand in the Levant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:levant:x2:1
# text = Crusader castles still stand in the Levant.
1	Crusader	crusader	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	castles	castle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	still	still	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	stand	stand	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Levant	Levant	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | present | Crusader castles |  |  | the Levant | still |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in levant=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hummus is popular all over the Levant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:levant:x3:1
# text = Hummus is popular all over the Levant.
1	Hummus	hummus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	popular	popular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	all	all	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	Levant	Levant	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Hummus |  |  | the Levant |  | popular *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Merchants brought spices through the ports of the Levant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:levant:x4:1
# text = Merchants brought spices through the ports of the Levant.
1	Merchants	merchant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	brought	bring	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	spices	spice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	through	through	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	ports	port	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	Levant	Levant	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | past | Merchants | spices |  | the ports of the Levant |  |  | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent spice=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lebanon and Syria are countries of the Levant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:levant:x5:1
# text = Lebanon and Syria are countries of the Levant.
1	Lebanon	Lebanon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	Syria	Syria	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Levant	Levant	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | Lebanon countries |  |  |  | of the Levant | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Levant lies on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:levant:x6:1
# text = The Levant lies on the eastern edge of the Mediterranean.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Levant	Levant	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lies	lie	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	eastern	eastern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	edge	edge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Mediterranean	Mediterranean	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | present | the Levant |  |  | the eastern edge of the Mediterranean |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on edge=Location |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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