---
title: limestone — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «limestone» in the school dictionary: Limestone is a soft, usually grey or white sedimentary rock made mostly from the shells and skeletons of tiny sea creatures. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# limestone

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Limestone, We, Vinegar, Rain, Stalactites, Chalk · **What happens:** be, make, find, dissolve, hang · **To what, where:** soft sedimentary rock, shells, sedimentary rock, fossil shell, limestone, limestone fizz

<!-- .vabout -->
«limestone» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [limestone in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/limestone.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Limestone is a soft, usually grey or white sedimentary rock made mostly from the shells and skeletons of tiny sea creatures.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:m1:1
# text = Limestone is a soft, usually grey or white sedimentary rock made mostly from the shells and skeletons of tiny sea creatures.
1	Limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
4	soft	soft	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	grey	grey	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
10	sedimentary	sedimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
12	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	11	acl	_	_
13	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	shells	shell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obl	_	_
17	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	18	cc	_	_
18	skeletons	skeleton	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
20	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
21	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	compound	_	_
22	creatures	creature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Limestone | a soft sedimentary rock |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a soft sedimentary rock *not said here* |  | the shells and skeletons of tiny sea creatures |  | mostly *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from shell=Material |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Limestone is a sedimentary rock.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:x1:1
# text = Limestone is a sedimentary rock.
1	Limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	sedimentary	sedimentary	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Limestone | a sedimentary rock |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We found a fossil shell in the limestone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:x2:1
# text = We found a fossil shell in the limestone.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	shell	shell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | We | a fossil shell |  | the limestone |  |  | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent shell=Topic |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Vinegar makes limestone fizz.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:x3:1
# text = Vinegar makes limestone fizz.
1	Vinegar	vinegar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	fizz	fizz	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Vinegar | limestone fizz |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.material V NP»: agent=Material fizz=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rain slowly dissolves limestone and makes caves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:x4:1
# text = Rain slowly dissolves limestone and makes caves.
1	Rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
3	dissolves	dissolve	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
7	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dissolve** | present | Rain | limestone |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn break-45.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent limestone=Patient |
| 2 | **make** | present | Rain *not said here* | caves |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cave=Product |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many old buildings are made of limestone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:x5:1
# text = Many old buildings are made of limestone.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	buildings	building	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Many old buildings |  |  |  | of limestone | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Stalactites hang from the roof of limestone caves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:x6:1
# text = Stalactites hang from the roof of limestone caves.
1	Stalactites	stalactite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	hang	hang	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	roof	roof	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	caves	cave	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hang** | present | Stalactites |  |  | the roof of limestone caves |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chalk is a kind of limestone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:x7:1
# text = Chalk is a kind of limestone.
1	Chalk	chalk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Chalk | a kind |  |  |  | of limestone | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Limestone is ground up to make cement.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limestone:x8:1
# text = Limestone is ground up to make cement.
1	Limestone	limestone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	acl	_	_
7	cement	cement	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | Limestone ground |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | to-infinitive |  | cement |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cement=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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