---
title: limitation — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «limitation» in the school dictionary: A limitation is something that limits what a person or thing can do: «The robot has some limitations». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# limitation

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** limitation, person, robot, act, limitations, things · **What happens:** be, limit, do, have, keep, make · **To what, where:** something, limitations, act, control, noise, weaknesses · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«limitation» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [limitation in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/limitation.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A limitation is something that limits what a person or thing can do: «The robot has some limitations».

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:m1:1
# text = A limitation is something that limits what a person or thing can do: «The robot has some limitations».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	limitation	limitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	0	root	_	_
5	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj	_	_
6	limits	limit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	_
7	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	13	obj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	thing	thing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
15	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	robot	robot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	nsubj	_	_
18	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
19	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	20	det	_	_
20	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	18	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	18	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a limitation | something |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **limit** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn limit-76 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Causer clause=Goal |
| 3 | **do** | can | a person or thing |  |  |  |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent what=Eventuality |
| 4 | **have** *in a quote* | present | the robot | some limitations |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent limitation=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Limitation is the act of keeping something under control or within limits: «the limitation of noise».

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:m2:1
# text = Limitation is the act of keeping something under control or within limits: «the limitation of noise».
1	Limitation	limitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	keeping	keep	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	acl	_	_
7	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	obj	_	_
8	under	under	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	control	control	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	within	within	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	limits	limit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	limitation	limitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	_
17	of	of	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	noise	noise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Limitation | the act |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | gerund | the act *not said here* | something |  | control or limits |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent something=Theme under control=Location |
| 3 | **limit** *in a quote* |  |  | noise |  |  |  |  | nom limitation «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The limitations of an experiment are its weaknesses, things that could make the results less accurate.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:m3:1
# text = The limitations of an experiment are its weaknesses, things that could make the results less accurate.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	weaknesses	weakness	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
11	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
12	could	could	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	acl:relcl	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	results	result	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obj	_	_
16	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	17	advmod	_	_
17	accurate	accurate	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the limitations of a experiment | experiment's weaknesses and things |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | could | things | the results |  |  |  | accurate *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset result=Product |
| 3 | **limit** |  |  | a experiment |  |  |  |  | nom limitation «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Every experiment has limitations.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x1:1
# text = Every experiment has limitations.
1	Every	every	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	2	det	_	_
2	experiment	experiment	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | every experiment | limitations |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent limitation=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
One limitation was that we only tested three plants.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x2:1
# text = One limitation was that we only tested three plants.
1	One	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	2	nummod	_	_
2	limitation	limitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
5	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	only	only	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	tested	test	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	plants	plant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | One limitation |  |  |  |  | test *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I know my limitations: I can't sing high notes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x3:1
# text = I know my limitations: I can't sing high notes.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	know	know	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
6	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	ca	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	sing	sing	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	conj	_	_
10	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	notes	note	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | present | I | my limitations |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer limitation=Stimulus |
| 2 | **not** **sing** *speech: express* | can | I | high notes |  |  |  |  | vn sound\_emission-43.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location note=Theme |
| 3 | **limit** |  | my |  |  |  |  |  | nom limitation «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old computer has many limitations.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x4:1
# text = The old computer has many limitations.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the old computer | many limitations |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent limitation=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Despite his limitations, he never gave up.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x5:1
# text = Despite his limitations, he never gave up.
1	Despite	despite	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	never	never	ADV	RB	PronType=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	up	up	ADP	RP	_	7	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **give up** | past | he |  |  |  |  | despite his limitations | vn resign-10.11-2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **limit** |  | his *= he* |  |  |  |  |  | nom limitation «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Time limitations meant we finished early.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x6:1
# text = Time limitations meant we finished early.
1	Time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	meant	mean	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
5	finished	finish	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
6	early	early	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | past | Time limitations |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **finish** | past | we |  |  |  |  | early *property* | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A wheelchair user may face limitations from badly designed buildings.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x7:1
# text = A wheelchair user may face limitations from badly designed buildings.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	wheelchair	wheelchair	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	user	user	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	face	face	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	badly	badly	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	9	advmod	_	_
9	designed	design	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	buildings	building	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **face** | may | a wheelchair user | limitations |  | designed buildings |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme limitation=Destination |
| 2 | **design** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | badly *property* | vn create-26.4-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write the limitations of your test at the end.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x8:1
# text = Write the limitations of your test at the end.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	limitations	limitation	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obj	_	_
4	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | the limitations of your test |  |  | at the end |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent limitation=Theme |
| 2 | **limit** |  |  | your test |  |  |  |  | nom limitation «cognition transitive»: of=patient |
| 3 | **test** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom test «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The gods knew no limitation of time or space, being able to transport themselves to incredible distances with the speed of thought.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limitation:x9:1
# text = The gods knew no limitation of time or space, being able to transport themselves to incredible distances with the speed of thought.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	gods	god	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	knew	know	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	5	det	_	_
5	limitation	limitation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	space	space	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
11	being	be	AUX	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	cop	_	_
12	able	able	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	ccomp	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	transport	transport	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	xcomp	_	_
15	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	14	obj	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	incredible	incredible	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	18	amod	_	_
18	distances	distance	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	_
19	with	with	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obl	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	thought	thought	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **know** | past | the gods | no limitation of time or space |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer limitation=Stimulus |
| 2 | **is** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | able *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **transport** | to-infinitive |  | gods *= god* |  |  |  | to incredible distances; with the speed of thought | vn send-11.1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme to distance=Destination |
| 4 | **limit** |  |  | time or space |  |  |  |  | nom limitation «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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