---
title: limping — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «limping» in the school dictionary: Limping is walking unevenly because a leg or foot hurts. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# limping

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Limping, leg, limping animal, puppy, we, Sam · **What happens:** walk, hurt, be, mean, go on, limp · **To what, where:** one, way, puppy, vet, class, limping horse

<!-- .vabout -->
«limping» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [limping in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/limping.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Limping is walking unevenly because a leg or foot hurts.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:m1:1
# text = Limping is walking unevenly because a leg or foot hurts.
1	Limping	limping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	walking	walk	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	unevenly	unevenly	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	10	mark	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	_
10	hurts	hurt	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **walk** | present · progressive | Limping |  |  |  |  | unevenly *property* | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **hurt** | present | a leg or foot |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A limping animal or person is one who walks that way.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:m2:1
# text = A limping animal or person is one who walks that way.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	limping	limping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
8	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	walks	walk	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	11	det	_	_
11	way	way	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a limping animal or person | one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **walk** | present |  | that way |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme way=Trajectory |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Figuratively, limping means going on slowly and badly, like a limping business.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:m3:1
# text = Figuratively, limping means going on slowly and badly, like a limping business.
1	Figuratively	figuratively	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	limping	limping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	going	go	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	badly	badly	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	limping	limping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | limping |  |  |  |  | figuratively *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **go on** *not said to happen* | gerund | limping *not said here* |  |  |  |  | like a limping business; slowly *property* | vn function-105.2.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The puppy was limping, so we took it to the vet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:x1:1
# text = The puppy was limping, so we took it to the vet.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	puppy	puppy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	limping	limp	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	so	so	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
7	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
9	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	vet	vet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **limp** | past · progressive | the puppy |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **take** | past | we | puppy |  | the vet |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent it=Theme to vet=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Sam came limping into class after football.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:x2:1
# text = Sam came limping into class after football.
1	Sam	Sam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	limping	limp	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Sam |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **limp** | gerund | Sam *not said here* |  |  | class | after football |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme into class=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A limping horse should not be ridden.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:x3:1
# text = A limping horse should not be ridden.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	limping	limping	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	horse	horse	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	should	should	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
5	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
6	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	aux:pass	_	_
7	ridden	ride	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **ride** | should · passive |  | a limping horse |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She was limping because her new shoes hurt.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:x4:1
# text = She was limping because her new shoes hurt.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	limping	limp	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	shoes	shoe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	hurt	hurt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **limp** | past · progressive | She |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **hurt** | infinitive | her new shoes |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP-PRO-ARB»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bird was limping across the grass.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:x5:1
# text = The bird was limping across the grass.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	limping	limp	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	across	across	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	grass	grass	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **limp** | past · progressive | the bird |  |  | the grass |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across grass=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Grandpa has been limping since his knee operation.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:x6:1
# text = Grandpa has been limping since his knee operation.
1	Grandpa	Grandpa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	4	aux	_	_
4	limping	limp	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	since	since	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
7	knee	knee	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	operation	operation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **limp** | present · perfect · progressive | Grandpa |  |  |  | since Grandpa's knee operation |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **operate** |  | Grandpa |  |  |  |  |  | nom operation «state transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The old bus went limping up the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:x7:1
# text = The old bus went limping up the hill.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	bus	bus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	limping	limp	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	xcomp	_	_
6	up	up	ADP	RP	_	5	compound:prt	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | the old bus |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **limp up** | gerund | the old bus *not said here* | the hill |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Initial\_Location hill=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She picked up the leg sulkily and led her cow away, the poor animal limping on three legs.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:limping:x8:1
# text = She picked up the leg sulkily and led her cow away, the poor animal limping on three legs.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	picked	pick	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	up	up	ADP	RP	_	2	compound:prt	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	sulkily	sulkily	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
9	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
10	cow	cow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
11	away	away	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	poor	poor	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	parataxis	_	_
16	limping	limp	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	15	acl	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
19	legs	leg	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pick up** | past | She | the leg |  |  |  | sulkily *property* | vn discover-84-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Topic |
| 2 | **lead away** | past | She *not said here* | her cow |  |  |  | away *property* | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cow=Theme |
| 3 | **limp** | gerund | the poor animal *not said here* |  |  | three legs |  |  | vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on leg=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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