---
title: lincoln — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lincoln» in the school dictionary: Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, who led the country during the American Civil War and worked to end slavery. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lincoln

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Abraham, Lincoln green, face, We, Lincoln, People · **What happens:** lead, work, end, be, name, visit · **To what, where:** country, slavery, deep green colour, 16th President, American penny, cathedral · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lincoln» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lincoln in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lincoln.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, who led the country during the American Civil War and worked to end slavery.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:m1:1
# text = Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, who led the country during the American Civil War and worked to end slavery.
1	Abraham	Abraham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
2	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	16th	16th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	6	amod	_	_
6	President	President	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	United	United	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	States	State	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	13	nsubj	_	_
13	led	lead	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	country	country	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	_
16	during	during	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
18	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
19	Civil	Civil	PROPN	NNP	_	20	flat	_	_
20	War	War	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
22	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	conj	_	_
23	to	to	PART	TO	_	24	mark	_	_
24	end	end	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	22	xcomp	_	_
25	slavery	slavery	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lead** | past | Abraham | the country |  |  | during the American Civil War |  | vn accompany-51.7 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent country=Theme |
| 2 | **work** | past | Abraham *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **end** | to-infinitive | Abraham *not said here* | slavery |  |  |  |  | vn stop-55.4-1-1 «NP V NP.eventuality»: agent=Subeventuality slavery=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A city in the east of England, famous for its cathedral and castle; also the capital of Nebraska in the USA.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:m2:1
# text = A city in the east of England, famous for its cathedral and castle; also the capital of Nebraska in the USA.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	east	east	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	England	England	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	conj	_	_
10	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	cathedral	cathedral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	18	punct	_	_
16	also	also	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
18	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
19	of	of	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	Nebraska	Nebraska	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	nmod	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	USA	USA	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A surname and a first name.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:m3:1
# text = A surname and a first name.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	surname	surname	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	first	first	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Word|NumType=Ord	6	amod	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lincoln green is a deep green colour, named after the city of Lincoln.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:m4:1
# text = Lincoln green is a deep green colour, named after the city of Lincoln.
1	Lincoln	lincoln	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	green	green	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	colour	colour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	named	name	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
10	after	after	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Lincoln green | a deep green colour |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **name** | participle |  | a deep green colour *not said here* |  |  | after the city of Lincoln |  | vn appoint-29.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:x1:1
# text = Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States.
1	Abraham	Abraham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	16th	16th	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|NumForm=Combi|NumType=Ord	6	amod	_	_
6	President	President	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	United	United	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	States	State	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Abraham | the 16th President |  |  |  | of the United States | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lincoln's face is on the American penny.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:x2:1
# text = Lincoln's face is on the American penny.
1	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	's	PART	POS	_	1	case	_	_
3	face	face	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	penny	penny	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Lincoln's face |  |  | the American penny |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We visited the cathedral in Lincoln.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:x3:1
# text = We visited the cathedral in Lincoln.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	visited	visit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	cathedral	cathedral	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | past | We | the cathedral |  | Lincoln |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cathedral=Co-Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lincoln gave a famous speech at Gettysburg.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:x4:1
# text = Lincoln gave a famous speech at Gettysburg.
1	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	speech	speech	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Gettysburg	Gettysburg	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | Lincoln | a famous speech |  | Gettysburg |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent speech=Theme at gettysburg=Asset |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:x5:1
# text = Lincoln is the capital of Nebraska.
1	Lincoln	lincoln	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	capital	capital	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Nebraska	Nebraska	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Lincoln | the capital |  |  |  | of Nebraska | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
People called him «Honest Abe» Lincoln.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:x6:1
# text = People called him «Honest Abe» Lincoln.
1	People	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	called	call	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	obj	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Honest	Honest	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	Abe	Abe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | past | People |  | him *= he* |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent he=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My cousin's name is Lincoln.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:x7:1
# text = My cousin's name is Lincoln.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	cousin	cousin	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | My cousin's name | Lincoln |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **name** |  | My cousin |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
So they made a cloak of Lincoln green, with a hood to it, and put it by the hearth and watched.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lincoln:x8:1
# text = So they made a cloak of Lincoln green, with a hood to it, and put it by the hearth and watched.
1	So	so	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
2	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	cloak	cloak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Lincoln	Lincoln	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	hood	hood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
13	to	to	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
16	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	put	put	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	conj	_	_
18	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	17	obj	_	_
19	by	by	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
20	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
21	hearth	hearth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	obl	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	watched	watch	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | they | a cloak of Lincoln |  |  |  | with a hood to hood; green *property* | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cloak=Product |
| 2 | **put** | infinitive | they *not said here* | cloak |  |  |  | by the hearth | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent it=Theme by hearth=Destination |
| 3 | **watch** | past | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn search-35.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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