---
title: linen — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «linen» in the school dictionary: Linen is a strong, cool cloth made from the flax plant. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# linen

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Linen, Mum, ancient Egyptians, you, linen tablecloth, priest · **What happens:** be, make, mean, use, call, keep · **To what, where:** strong cool cloth, flax plant, sheets, white cloths, altar, linen cupboard · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«linen» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [linen in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/linen.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Linen is a strong, cool cloth made from the flax plant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:m1:1
# text = Linen is a strong, cool cloth made from the flax plant.
1	Linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
4	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
6	cool	cool	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	cloth	cloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	acl	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	flax	flax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Linen | a strong cool cloth |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a strong cool cloth *not said here* |  | the flax plant |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V PP»: agent=Asset from plant=Material |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Linen (or household linen) means sheets, pillowcases, tablecloths and towels, even when they are made of cotton.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:m2:1
# text = Linen (or household linen) means sheets, pillowcases, tablecloths and towels, even when they are made of cotton.
1	Linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
2	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
4	household	household	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	5	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	sheets	sheet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
10	pillowcases	pillowcase	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	tablecloths	tablecloth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	towels	towel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
16	even	even	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
17	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	20	mark	_	_
18	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	20	nsubj	_	_
19	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	parataxis	_	_
21	of	of	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	cotton	cotton	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Linen | sheets and pillowcases and tablecloths and towels |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sheet=Topic |
| 2 | **make** | present · passive |  | sheets *= sheet* |  |  |  | of cotton | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: church — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The white cloths used on the altar for communion are called altar linens.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:m3:1
# text = The white cloths used on the altar for communion are called altar linens.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cloths	cloth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	altar	altar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	communion	communion	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	aux:pass	_	_
11	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
12	altar	altar	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	linens	linen	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | participle |  | the white cloths *not said here* |  | the altar for communion |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **call** | present · passive |  | the white cloths |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum keeps the sheets in the linen cupboard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:x1:1
# text = Mum keeps the sheets in the linen cupboard.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	keeps	keep	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	sheets	sheet	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	linen	linen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cupboard	cupboard	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | Mum | the sheets |  | the linen cupboard |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent sheet=Theme in cupboard=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My summer shirt is made of linen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:x2:1
# text = My summer shirt is made of linen.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	shirt	shirt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | My summer shirt |  |  |  | of linen | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ancient Egyptians wove fine linen.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:x3:1
# text = The ancient Egyptians wove fine linen.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Egyptians	Egyptian	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	wove	weave	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	fine	fine	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **weave** | past | the ancient Egyptians | fine linen |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent linen=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please change the bed linen on Saturday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:x4:1
# text = Please change the bed linen on Saturday.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	change	change	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Saturday	Saturday	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | imperative | you *not said here* | the bed linen |  |  | saturday |  | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent linen=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The linen tablecloth was white and crisp.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:x5:1
# text = The linen tablecloth was white and crisp.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	linen	linen	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tablecloth	tablecloth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	crisp	crisp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the linen tablecloth |  |  |  |  | white *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the linen tablecloth *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Linen comes from the stems of the flax plant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:x6:1
# text = Linen comes from the stems of the flax plant.
1	Linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	stems	stem	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	flax	flax	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	plant	plant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Linen |  |  | the stems of the flax plant |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from stem=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **stem** |  |  | the flax plant |  |  |  |  | nom stem «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The priest folded the white linen on the altar.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:x7:1
# text = The priest folded the white linen on the altar.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	priest	priest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	folded	fold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	altar	altar	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fold** | past | the priest | the white linen |  | the altar |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent linen=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He is wrapped in yellow linen, and embalmed with spices.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linen:x8:1
# text = He is wrapped in yellow linen, and embalmed with spices.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	wrapped	wrap	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	yellow	yellow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	linen	linen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	embalmed	embalm	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	conj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	spices	spice	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wrap** | present · passive |  | He |  | yellow linen |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme in linen=Destination |
| 2 | **embalm** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | with spices | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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