---
title: ling — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «ling» in the school dictionary: A ling is a long sea fish of the cod family, caught for food in the North Atlantic and around Australia and New Zealand. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# ling

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** ling, small purple flowers, líng, moor, We, she · **What happens:** be, catch, grow, mean, not be, give · **To what, where:** long sea fish, kind, moors, Chinese syllable, zero, part

<!-- .vabout -->
«ling» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [ling in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/ling.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A ling is a long sea fish of the cod family, caught for food in the North Atlantic and around Australia and New Zealand.

<!-- fold The tree, 24 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:m1:1
# text = A ling is a long sea fish of the cod family, caught for food in the North Atlantic and around Australia and New Zealand.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ling	ling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	cod	cod	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
14	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	_
16	in	in	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	North	North	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	Atlantic	Atlantic	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	around	around	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	New	New	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	flat	_	_
25	Zealand	Zealand	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a ling | a long sea fish |  |  |  | of the cod family | tree rules |
| 2 | **catch** | participle | a ling *not said here* |  |  |  |  | for food in the North Atlantic and Australia and New Zealand | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent for food=Beneficiary |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ling is a kind of heather, a low shrub with small purple flowers that grows on moors.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:m2:1
# text = Ling is a kind of heather, a low shrub with small purple flowers that grows on moors.
1	Ling	ling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	heather	heather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	shrub	shrub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
12	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	purple	purple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nmod	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	grows	grow	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	moors	moor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ling | a kind |  |  |  | of heather; a low shrub with small purple flowers *nmod* | tree rules |
| 2 | **grow** | present | small purple flowers |  |  | moors |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on moor=Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Mandarin, pinyin — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Ling» is a Chinese syllable: líng means «zero» (零), and it is part of many names; it is not an English word.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:m3:1
# text = «Ling» is a Chinese syllable: líng means «zero» (零), and it is part of many names; it is not an English word.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Ling	ling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	syllable	syllable	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
9	líng	líng	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	parataxis	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	zero	zero	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	零	零	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	21	cc	_	_
19	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	21	nsubj	_	_
20	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	21	cop	_	_
21	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
22	of	of	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
23	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	names	name	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	31	punct	_	_
26	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	31	nsubj	_	_
27	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	31	cop	_	_
28	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	31	advmod	_	_
29	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	31	det	_	_
30	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	31	amod	_	_
31	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
32	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Ling | a Chinese syllable |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | present | líng | zero |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent zero=Topic |
| 3 | **is a** | present | líng | part |  |  |  | of many names | tree rules |
| 4 | **not** **is a** | present | líng | a English word |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a name — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ling is a Chinese given name or surname.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:m4:1
# text = Ling is a Chinese given name or surname.
1	Ling	ling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	Chinese	Chinese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	given	give	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	6	amod	_	_
6	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	surname	surname	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn break\_down-45.8 «NP V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Ling | a Chinese given name or surname |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The moor was purple with ling.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:x1:1
# text = The moor was purple with ling.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	moor	moor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	purple	purple	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	ling	ling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the moor |  |  |  |  | with ling; purple *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We had ling and chips at the beach.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:x2:1
# text = We had ling and chips at the beach.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	ling	ling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	chips	chip	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | We | ling and chips |  | the beach |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent ling=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ling is caught in deep water.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:x3:1
# text = Ling is caught in deep water.
1	Ling	ling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caught	catch	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **catch** | present · passive |  | Ling |  | deep water |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Mandarin, «líng» means zero.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:x4:1
# text = In Mandarin, «líng» means zero.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Mandarin	Mandarin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	líng	líng	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	zero	zero	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | líng | zero |  |  |  | in Mandarin | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot zero=Theme in mandarin=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ling is new in our class; she is from Shanghai.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:x5:1
# text = Ling is new in our class; she is from Shanghai.
1	Ling	ling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	she	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Shanghai	Shanghai	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Ling |  |  | our class |  | new *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** | present | she |  |  | Shanghai |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Bees make honey from ling heather.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:ling:x6:1
# text = Bees make honey from ling heather.
1	Bees	bee	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	make	make	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	honey	honey	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	ling	ling	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	advcl	_	_
6	heather	heather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present | Bees | honey |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent honey=Product |
| 2 | **ling** | gerund | Bees *not said here* | heather |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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