---
title: linger — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «linger» in the school dictionary: To linger is to stay somewhere longer than usual or than needed, because you do not want to leave. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# linger

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** you, smell, illness, We, smoke, cough · **What happens:** linger, be, need, not want, leave, feel · **To what, where:** smell, something, beach, corridor, breakfast, happy memory

<!-- .vabout -->
«linger» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [linger in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/linger.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To linger is to stay somewhere longer than usual or than needed, because you do not want to leave.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:m1:1
# text = To linger is to stay somewhere longer than usual or than needed, because you do not want to leave.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	linger	linger	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	somewhere	somewhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	7	advmod	_	_
7	longer	long	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	9	advmod	_	_
8	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	usual	usual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	advcl	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	than	than	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	needed	need	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
14	because	because	SCONJ	IN	_	18	mark	_	_
15	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	18	nsubj	_	_
16	do	do	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	aux	_	_
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	18	advmod	_	_
18	want	want	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
19	to	to	PART	TO	_	20	mark	_	_
20	leave	leave	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	18	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **linger** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | stay *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **need** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot |
| 4 | **not** **want** | present · do-support | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 5 | **leave** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To linger is when a smell, feeling or illness stays for a long time.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:m2:1
# text = To linger is when a smell, feeling or illness stays for a long time.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	linger	linger	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	feeling	feel	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	acl	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
10	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	_
11	stays	stay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
14	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **linger** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present |  | a smell |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **feel** | gerund | a smell *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 4 | **stay** | present | illness |  |  |  | time |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To linger over something is to take your time with it.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:m3:1
# text = To linger over something is to take your time with it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	linger	linger	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	advcl	_	_
3	over	over	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obl	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **linger** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | something |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over something=Location |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  | time | with it; take *property* | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We lingered on the beach until sunset.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:x1:1
# text = We lingered on the beach until sunset.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lingered	linger	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	beach	beach	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	until	until	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	sunset	sunset	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **linger** | past | We |  |  | the beach | sunset |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on beach=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The smell of smoke lingered for days.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:x2:1
# text = The smell of smoke lingered for days.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	smell	smell	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	lingered	linger	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	days	day	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **linger** | participle |  | the smell of smoke *not said here* |  |  | day |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **smell** |  | smoke |  |  |  |  |  | nom smell «cognition intransitive»: of=agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't linger in the corridor.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:x3:1
# text = Don't linger in the corridor.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	linger	linger	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	corridor	corridor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **linger** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  | the corridor |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in corridor=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cough can linger after a cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:x4:1
# text = A cough can linger after a cold.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cough	cough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	linger	linger	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	after	after	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cold	cold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **linger** | can | a cough |  |  |  | after a cold |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He lingered over his breakfast.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:x5:1
# text = He lingered over his breakfast.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lingered	linger	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	over	over	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	breakfast	breakfast	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **linger** | past | He |  |  | his breakfast |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over breakfast=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The happy memory lingered in her mind.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:x6:1
# text = The happy memory lingered in her mind.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	happy	happy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	memory	memory	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	lingered	linger	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	mind	mind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **linger** | participle |  | the happy memory *not said here* |  | her mind |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in mind=Location |
| 2 | **mind** |  | her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom mind «cognition transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Oh, sir, do not linger here, or he will eat you too.’

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linger:x7:1
# text = Oh, sir, do not linger here, or he will eat you too.’
1	Oh	oh	INTJ	UH	_	7	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	sir	sir	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	vocative	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
5	do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	7	advmod	_	_
7	linger	linger	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	here	here	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
11	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
12	will	will	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	13	aux	_	_
13	eat	eat	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	conj	_	_
14	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	too	too	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	’	'	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **linger** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* |  |  | here |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **eat** | future | he | you |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent you=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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