---
title: lingua — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lingua» in the school dictionary: «Lingua» is the Latin word for tongue and language. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lingua

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Lingua, it, people, English, Swahili, Latin · **What happens:** be, appear, use, speak, understand, come · **To what, where:** Latin word, English, language, different languages, each, rare medical word · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lingua» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lingua in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lingua.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Latin — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Lingua» is the Latin word for tongue and language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:m1:1
# text = «Lingua» is the Latin word for tongue and language.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	Latin	Latin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	tongue	tongue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Lingua | the Latin word |  |  |  | for tongue and language | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In English it appears mainly in the phrase «lingua franca», a language used by people who speak different languages so they can understand each other.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:m2:1
# text = In English it appears mainly in the phrase «lingua franca», a language used by people who speak different languages so they can understand each other.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
4	appears	appear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	mainly	mainly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
11	franca	franca	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
16	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	15	acl	_	_
17	by	by	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	_
19	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
20	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	18	acl:relcl	_	_
21	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	20	obj	_	_
23	so	so	SCONJ	IN	_	26	mark	_	_
24	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	nsubj	_	_
25	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	26	aux	_	_
26	understand	understand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	advcl	_	_
27	each	each	DET	DT	ExtPos=PRON|PronType=Rcp	26	obj	_	_
28	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	27	fixed	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **appear** | present | it |  |  | English |  | in the phrase and a language; mainly *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in english=Location |
| 2 | **use** | participle |  | a language *not said here* |  |  |  | by people | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | people | different languages |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **understand** | can | people | each |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Experiencer each=Stimulus |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: medicine — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lingua is a rare medical word for the tongue.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:m3:1
# text = The lingua is a rare medical word for the tongue.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	rare	rare	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	medical	medical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	tongue	tongue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the lingua | a rare medical word |  |  |  | for the tongue | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Lingua» is Latin for tongue.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:x1:1
# text = «Lingua» is Latin for tongue.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	Latin	Latin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	tongue	tongue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Lingua |  |  |  |  | for tongue; latin *property* | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
English is a lingua franca for many travellers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:x2:1
# text = English is a lingua franca for many travellers.
1	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	franca	franca	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	travellers	traveller	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | English | a lingua franca |  |  |  | for many travellers | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Swahili is a lingua franca in East Africa.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:x3:1
# text = Swahili is a lingua franca in East Africa.
1	Swahili	swahili	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	franca	franca	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	East	East	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	Africa	Africa	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Swahili | a lingua franca |  | East Africa |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Long ago, Latin was the lingua franca of Europe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:x4:1
# text = Long ago, Latin was the lingua franca of Europe.
1	Long	long	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	2	advmod	_	_
2	ago	ago	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	Latin	Latin	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	franca	franca	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	appos	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Latin | the lingua |  |  |  | ago *property* | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Bilingual» comes from «bi» (two) and «lingua» (tongue).

<!-- fold The tree, 8 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:x5:1
# text = «Bilingual» comes from «bi» (two) and «lingua» (tongue).
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Bilingual	bilingual	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	bi	bi	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	10	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	14	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	14	punct	_	_
16	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	tongue	tongue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	17	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Bilingual |  |  | bi |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from bi=Initial\_Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A linguist studies languages, from «lingua».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:x6:1
# text = A linguist studies languages, from «lingua».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	linguist	linguist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | a linguist | languages |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the market, they spoke a lingua franca to trade.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:x7:1
# text = In the market, they spoke a lingua franca to trade.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	market	market	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
6	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	franca	franca	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	to	to	PART	TO	_	11	mark	_	_
11	trade	trade	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	9	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | they | a lingua franca |  | the market |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **trade** | to-infinitive | they *not said here* | a lingua franca *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn exchange-13.6.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(Italian) «Lingua» also means tongue and language in Italian.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lingua:x8:1
# text = (Italian) «Lingua» also means tongue and language in Italian.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Italian	Italian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	Lingua	lingua	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	tongue	tongue	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
11	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	conj	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Italian	Italian	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Italian Lingua | tongue and language in Italian |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent tongue=Topic |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [linger](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/linger/)
- next →: [linguistic](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/linguistic/)
- ↑ back to [L in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/L/)