---
title: linguistic — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «linguistic» in the school dictionary: To do with language or languages. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# linguistic

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** science, languages, She, class, We, olympiad · **What happens:** do, study, work, have, speak, list · **To what, where:** great linguistic skills, four languages, lot, linguistic features, persuasive letter, linguistic puzzle · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«linguistic» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [linguistic in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/linguistic.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with language or languages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:m1:1
# text = To do with language or languages.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with language or languages | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with linguistics, the science that studies how languages work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:m2:1
# text = To do with linguistics, the science that studies how languages work.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	linguistics	linguistic	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	conj	_	_
8	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
9	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	acl:relcl	_	_
10	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
11	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nsubj	_	_
12	work	work	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with linguistics and the science | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **study** | present | the science |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **work** | present | languages |  |  |  |  |  | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She has great linguistic skills and speaks four languages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:x1:1
# text = She has great linguistic skills and speaks four languages.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	linguistic	linguistic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	skills	skill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
8	four	four	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | She | great linguistic skills |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent skill=Patient |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | She *not said here* | four languages |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class has a lot of linguistic diversity.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:x2:1
# text = Our class has a lot of linguistic diversity.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	linguistic	linguistic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	diversity	diversity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Our class | a lot of linguistic diversity |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lot=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We listed the linguistic features of a persuasive letter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:x3:1
# text = We listed the linguistic features of a persuasive letter.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	listed	list	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	linguistic	linguistic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	features	feature	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	persuasive	persuasive	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **list** | past | We | the linguistic features of a persuasive letter |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **feature** |  |  | a persuasive letter |  |  |  |  | nom feature «cognition transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The olympiad had a linguistic puzzle about an unknown language.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:x4:1
# text = The olympiad had a linguistic puzzle about an unknown language.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	olympiad	olympiad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	linguistic	linguistic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	puzzle	puzzle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	about	about	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	unknown	unknown	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the olympiad | a linguistic puzzle |  |  |  | about a unknown language | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent puzzle=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Babies learn language through linguistic games like rhymes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:x5:1
# text = Babies learn language through linguistic games like rhymes.
1	Babies	baby	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learn	learn	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	through	through	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	linguistic	linguistic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	games	game	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	rhymes	rhyme	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | present | Babies | language |  | linguistic games like rhymes |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Topic |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum shows the linguistic history of English.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:x6:1
# text = The museum shows the linguistic history of English.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	shows	show	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	linguistic	linguistic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | present | the museum | the linguistic history of English |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent history=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A linguistic expert studied how the children in the town spoke.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:linguistic:x7:1
# text = A linguistic expert studied how the children in the town spoke.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	linguistic	linguistic	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	expert	expert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	studied	study	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	11	advmod	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	children	child	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
11	spoke	speak	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | past | a linguistic expert |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | past | the children in the town |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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