---
title: llama — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «llama» in the school dictionary: A llama is a South American animal like a small camel without a hump, with a long neck and thick woolly coat, kept for carrying loads and for its wool. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# llama

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** llama, different word, Llamas, llama spat, Incas, farms · **What happens:** be, keep, carry, mean, get, use · **To what, where:** South American animal, loads, Buddhist teacher, bags, llamas, sheep

<!-- .vabout -->
«llama» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [llama in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/llama.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A llama is a South American animal like a small camel without a hump, with a long neck and thick woolly coat, kept for carrying loads and for its wool.

<!-- fold The tree, 30 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:m1:1
# text = A llama is a South American animal like a small camel without a hump, with a long neck and thick woolly coat, kept for carrying loads and for its wool.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	llama	llama	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	South	South	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
6	American	American	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	animal	animal	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	like	like	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	camel	camel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	_
12	without	without	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	hump	hump	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	with	with	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
21	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
22	woolly	woolly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	coat	coat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
25	kept	keep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	parataxis	_	_
26	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	27	mark	_	_
27	carrying	carry	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	25	advcl	_	_
28	loads	load	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	27	obj	_	_
29	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	32	cc	_	_
30	for	for	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	32	nmod:poss	_	_
32	wool	wool	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	28	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a llama | a South American animal |  |  |  | like a small camel without a hump | tree rules |
| 2 | **keep** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **carry** | gerund |  | loads and llama's wool |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent load=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Buddhism — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A different word, lama (one l), means a Buddhist teacher, like the Dalai Lama.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:m2:1
# text = A different word, lama (one l), means a Buddhist teacher, like the Dalai Lama.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	different	different	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	lama	lama	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
6	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	l	l	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
11	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
13	Buddhist	buddhist	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
16	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	Dalai	Dalai	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	Lama	Lama	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | a different word | a Buddhist teacher |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent teacher=Topic |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Llamas carried our bags up the mountain path in Peru.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:x1:1
# text = Llamas carried our bags up the mountain path in Peru.
1	Llamas	llama	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	carried	carry	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	bags	bag	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	mountain	mountain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	Peru	Peru	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | past | Llamas | our bags |  |  |  | up the mountain path in Peru | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bag=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A llama spat at the farmer when he got too close.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:x2:1
# text = A llama spat at the farmer when he got too close.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	llama	llama	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	spat	spat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	farmer	farmer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nmod	_	_
7	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
8	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	got	get	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	too	too	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	close	close	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | past | a llama spat at the farmer |  |  |  |  | close *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Llamas are related to camels.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:x3:1
# text = Llamas are related to camels.
1	Llamas	llama	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	camels	camel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Llamas |  |  |  |  | to camels; related *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Incas used llamas as pack animals.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:x4:1
# text = The Incas used llamas as pack animals.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Incas	inca	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	llamas	llama	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	pack	pack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | the Incas | llamas |  |  |  | as pack animals | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Agent llama=Duration as animal=Attribute |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some farms in Britain keep llamas to protect sheep from foxes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:x5:1
# text = Some farms in Britain keep llamas to protect sheep from foxes.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	farms	farm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	llamas	llama	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	protect	protect	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	advcl	_	_
9	sheep	sheep	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obj	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	foxes	fox	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | some farms in Britain | llamas |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent llama=Theme |
| 2 | **protect** | to-infinitive | some farms in Britain *not said here* |  | sheep |  |  | from foxes | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent sheep=Beneficiary from fox=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An alpaca is smaller and fluffier than a llama.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:x6:1
# text = An alpaca is smaller and fluffier than a llama.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	alpaca	alpaca	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	fluffier	fluffy	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	conj	_	_
7	than	than	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	llama	llama	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a alpaca |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | a alpaca *not said here* |  |  |  |  | than a llama | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We went llama trekking on our holiday.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:x7:1
# text = We went llama trekking on our holiday.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	llama	llama	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	trekking	trek	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	holiday	holiday	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | We | llama |  |  |  |  | vn meander-47.7 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location llama=Theme |
| 2 | **trek** | gerund | llama *not said here* |  |  | our holiday |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme on holiday=Trajectory |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An enormous cobra which had crept up the stem of a tall palm tree threw itself on to a little llama that was grazing at the foot.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:llama:x8:1
# text = An enormous cobra which had crept up the stem of a tall palm tree threw itself on to a little llama that was grazing at the foot.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	enormous	enormous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cobra	cobra	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	nsubj	_	_
4	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	crept	creep	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl:relcl	_	_
7	up	up	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	stem	stem	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	tall	tall	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
13	palm	palm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
15	threw	throw	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
16	itself	itself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	15	obj	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	RP	_	15	compound:prt	_	_
18	to	to	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	llama	llama	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	obl	_	_
22	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	24	nsubj	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
24	grazing	graze	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	21	acl:relcl	_	_
25	at	at	ADP	IN	_	27	case	_	_
26	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	24	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	15	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **creep up** | past · perfect · passive |  | a enormous cobra |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **throw on** | past | a enormous cobra | stem | a little llama |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent itself=Theme to llama=Destination |
| 3 | **graze** | past · progressive | a little llama |  |  | the foot |  |  | vn dine-39.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **stem** |  |  | a tall palm tree |  |  |  |  | nom stem «communication transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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