---
title: loanword — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «loanword» in the school dictionary: A word one language has taken from another language and now uses as its own, like «pizza» from Italian or «kindergarten» from German. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# loanword

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** borrowed word, words, Pyjamas, Shampoo, teacher, chocolate · **What happens:** take, use, borrow, study, see, come · **To what, where:** word, language, loanword, Hindi, us, Spanish · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«loanword» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [loanword in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/loanword.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A word one language has taken from another language and now uses as its own, like «pizza» from Italian or «kindergarten» from German.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:m1:1
# text = A word one language has taken from another language and now uses as its own, like «pizza» from Italian or «kindergarten» from German.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
5	has	have	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	taken	take	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	9	det	_	_
9	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
10	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
11	now	now	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	12	advmod	_	_
12	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
13	as	as	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	like	like	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	pizza	pizza	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	19	punct	_	_
21	from	from	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
22	Italian	Italian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	obl	_	_
23	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
24	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	25	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	kindergarten	kindergarten	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	25	punct	_	_
27	from	from	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	German	German	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | present · perfect · passive |  | a word |  | another language |  | from Italian; from German | tree rules |
| 2 | **use** | present |  |  |  |  | now | as word's own | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: language study — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Any borrowed word, studied to see where words came from.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:m2:1
# text = Any borrowed word, studied to see where words came from.
1	Any	any	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	3	det	_	_
2	borrowed	borrow	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	amod	_	_
3	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	studied	study	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	10	advmod	_	_
9	words	word	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	_
10	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	7	advcl	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **study** | past | any borrowed word |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **see** | to-infinitive | any borrowed word *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **come** | past | words |  |  |  |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Pyjamas» is a loanword from Hindi and Urdu.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:x1:1
# text = «Pyjamas» is a loanword from Hindi and Urdu.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Pyjamas	Pyjamas	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	loanword	loanword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	Urdu	Urdu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Pyjamas | a loanword |  | Hindi and Urdu |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Shampoo» is a loanword from Hindi too.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:x2:1
# text = «Shampoo» is a loanword from Hindi too.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Shampoo	shampoo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	loanword	loanword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Hindi	Hindi	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
9	too	too	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Shampoo | a loanword |  | Hindi |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our teacher showed us that «chocolate» is a loanword from Spanish, which took it from Nahuatl.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:x3:1
# text = Our teacher showed us that «chocolate» is a loanword from Spanish, which took it from Nahuatl.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	showed	show	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
6	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	chocolate	chocolate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	loanword	loanword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	ccomp	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Spanish	Spanish	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
15	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	13	acl:relcl	_	_
17	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obj	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	Nahuatl	Nahuatl	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **show** | past | Our teacher |  | us |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent we=Recipient |
| 2 | **is a** | present | chocolate | a loanword |  | Spanish |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **take** | past | Spanish | chocolate |  | Nahuatl |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent it=Theme from nahuatl=Initial\_Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Japanese has many English loanwords, like «aisu kuriimu» for ice cream.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:x4:1
# text = Japanese has many English loanwords, like «aisu kuriimu» for ice cream.
1	Japanese	Japanese	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	English	English	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	loanwords	loanword	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	aisu	aisu	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
10	kuriimu	kuriimu	X	FW	Foreign=Yes	9	flat:foreign	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	_
12	for	for	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	ice	ice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	compound	_	_
14	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Japanese | many English loanwords and aisu for ice cream |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent loanword=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Safari» came into English as a loanword from Swahili.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:x5:1
# text = «Safari» came into English as a loanword from Swahili.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Safari	safari	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	English	English	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
7	as	as	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	loanword	loanword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
10	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	Swahili	Swahili	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | Safari |  |  | English |  | as a loanword from Swahili | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme into english=Initial\_Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many loanwords keep their foreign spelling, such as «croissant».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:x6:1
# text = Many loanwords keep their foreign spelling, such as «croissant».
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	loanwords	loanword	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	keep	keep	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
5	foreign	foreign	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	spelling	spelling	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	11	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	croissant	croissant	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	11	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | present | Many loanwords | loanwords's foreign spelling |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent spelling=Theme |
| 2 | **spell** |  | loanwords *= loanword* |  |  |  |  |  | nom spelling «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We made a poster of loanwords and the countries they came from.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:x7:1
# text = We made a poster of loanwords and the countries they came from.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	poster	poster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	loanwords	loanword	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	countries	country	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | We | a poster of loanwords and the countries |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent poster=Product |
| 2 | **come** | past | countries *= country* | the countries *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location country=Theme |
| 3 | **post** |  |  | loanwords and the countries |  |  |  |  | nom poster «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Boomerang» is a loanword from an Aboriginal language of Australia.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loanword:x8:1
# text = «Boomerang» is a loanword from an Aboriginal language of Australia.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Boomerang	boomerang	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	loanword	loanword	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	from	from	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Aboriginal	aboriginal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Boomerang | a loanword |  | a Aboriginal language of Australia |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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