---
title: local — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «local» in the school dictionary: Local means belonging to or near the place where you live, or a particular area. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# local

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Local, you, locals, people, local anaesthetic, We · **What happens:** mean, belong, live, be, numb, borrow · **To what, where:** people, place, nearby pub, one part, medicine, books

<!-- .vabout -->
«local» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [local in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/local.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Local means belonging to or near the place where you live, or a particular area.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:m1:1
# text = Local means belonging to or near the place where you live, or a particular area.
1	Local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	belonging	belong	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
6	near	near	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	where	where	ADV	WRB	PronType=Rel	11	advmod	_	_
10	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	particular	particular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	area	area	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Local |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **belong** *not said to happen* | gerund | Local *not said here* |  |  |  |  | to the place or a particular area | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **live** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The locals are the people who live in a place.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:m2:1
# text = The locals are the people who live in a place.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	locals	local	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	live	live	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	acl:relcl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the locals | the people |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **live** | present | the people |  |  | a place |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in place=Location |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Britain, «the local» can mean the nearby pub.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:m3:1
# text = In Britain, «the local» can mean the nearby pub.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
4	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	nearby	nearby	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	pub	pub	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | can |  | the nearby pub |  |  |  | in Britain | vn representation-110.1 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: agent=Pivot pub=Theme in britain=Attribute |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In medicine, a local anaesthetic numbs only one part of the body.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:m4:1
# text = In medicine, a local anaesthetic numbs only one part of the body.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	medicine	medicine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	anaesthetic	anaesthetic	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
7	numbs	numb	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	only	only	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	part	part	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **numb** | present | a local anaesthetic | one part of the body |  | medicine |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus part=Experiencer |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We borrow books from our local library.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:x1:1
# text = We borrow books from our local library.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	borrow	borrow	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **borrow** | present | We | books |  | our local library |  |  | vn obtain-13.5.2 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent book=Theme from library=Source |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The local park has a new playground.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:x2:1
# text = The local park has a new playground.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	park	park	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	playground	playground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the local park | a new playground |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent playground=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We asked a local for directions.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:x3:1
# text = We asked a local for directions.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	asked	ask	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	directions	direction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ask** *speech: ask* | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn inquire-37.1.2 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Buy fruit from local farmers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:x4:1
# text = Buy fruit from local farmers.
1	Buy	buy	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	fruit	fruit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **buy** | imperative | you *not said here* | fruit |  |  |  | from local farmers | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP PP.source»: agent=Agent fruit=Theme from farmer=Source |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It's 9 o'clock local time.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:x5:1
# text = It's 9 o'clock local time.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
3	9	9	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	o'clock	o'clock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
5	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | It | o'clock local time |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The local news talked about the flood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:x6:1
# text = The local news talked about the flood.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	talked	talk	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **talk** | participle |  | the local news *not said here* |  |  |  | about the flood | vn talk-37.5 «NP V PP.topic»: agent=Agent about flood=Topic |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our local football team won the cup.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:x7:1
# text = Our local football team won the cup.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
2	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
3	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	won	win	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	cup	cup	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **win** | past | Our local football team | the cup |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cup=Eventuality |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It must therefore have been brought to Europe from the East and adapted to local conditions at Dort and Swaffham.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:local:x8:1
# text = It must therefore have been brought to Europe from the East and adapted to local conditions at Dort and Swaffham.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
3	therefore	therefore	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
4	have	have	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	aux	_	_
5	been	be	AUX	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	brought	bring	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
9	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	East	East	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
13	adapted	adapt	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	conj	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	conditions	condition	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
17	at	at	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	Dort	Dort	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
20	Swaffham	Swaffham	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	18	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring** | must · perfect · passive |  | It | Europe | the East |  | therefore *property* | vn bring-11.3-1 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: subject=Theme to europe=Destination from east=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **adapt** | past |  |  |  |  |  | to local conditions at Dort and Swaffham *goal* | vn adjust-26.9 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Agent to condition=Goal |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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