---
title: loch — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «loch» in the school dictionary: A lake. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# loch

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** long narrow arm, land, We, Loch Ness, people, monster · **What happens:** reach, call, go, kayak, be, reflect · **To what, where:** land, sea loch, loch, deep loch, Scotland, mountains · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«loch» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [loch in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/loch.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Scotland — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:m1:1
# text = A lake.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Scotland — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A long, narrow arm of the sea that reaches into the land, called a sea loch.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:m2:1
# text = A long, narrow arm of the sea that reaches into the land, called a sea loch.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	reaches	reach	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
11	into	into	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	13	acl	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	18	det	_	_
17	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reach** | present | a long narrow arm of the sea |  |  | the land |  |  | vn body\_motion-49.2-1-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent into land=Path |
| 2 | **call** | participle | the land *not said here* | a sea loch |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We went kayaking on the loch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x1:1
# text = We went kayaking on the loch.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	kayaking	kayak	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **kayak** | gerund | We *not said here* |  |  | the loch |  |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Loch Ness is a very deep loch in Scotland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x2:1
# text = Loch Ness is a very deep loch in Scotland.
1	Loch	Loch	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	Ness	ness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	deep	deep	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Loch Ness | a deep loch |  | Scotland |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mountains were reflected in the still loch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x3:1
# text = The mountains were reflected in the still loch.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mountains	mountain	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	reflected	reflect	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	still	still	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **reflect** | past · passive |  | the mountains |  | the loch |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some people believe a monster lives in the loch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x4:1
# text = Some people believe a monster lives in the loch.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	believe	believe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	monster	monster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	ccomp	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **believe** | present | some people |  |  |  |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V that S»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **live** | present | a monster |  |  | the loch |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in loch=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A sea loch is open to the ocean at one end.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x5:1
# text = A sea loch is open to the ocean at one end.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	open	open	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	ocean	ocean	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	at	at	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	_
11	end	end	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | a sea loch |  |  |  | at one end | to the ocean; open *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We camped beside a loch in the Highlands.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x6:1
# text = We camped beside a loch in the Highlands.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	camped	camp	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	beside	beside	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	Highlands	Highland	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **camp** | past | We |  |  | a loch |  | in the Highlands | vn odge-46-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in highland=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The loch was freezing cold.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x7:1
# text = The loch was freezing cold.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	freezing	freeze	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	cold	cold	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **freeze** | past · progressive | the loch |  |  |  |  | cold *property* | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ducks swam across the loch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x8:1
# text = Ducks swam across the loch.
1	Ducks	duck	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	across	across	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | past | Ducks |  |  | the loch |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across loch=Trajectory |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The king's daughter betook herself to the bank of the loch.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:loch:x9:1
# text = The king's daughter betook herself to the bank of the loch.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	daughter	daughter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	betook	betake	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	herself	herself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	5	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bank	bank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **betake** | past | the king's daughter | daughter |  |  |  | to the bank of the loch | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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