---
title: lone — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lone» in the school dictionary: Lone means alone, the only one there, with no others. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lone

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Lone, lone parent, lone wolf, person, you, alone lone · **What happens:** mean, bring up, be, like, do, let · **To what, where:** child, person, things, phrase, short form, fence

<!-- .vabout -->
«lone» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lone in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lone.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lone means alone, the only one there, with no others.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:m1:1
# text = Lone means alone, the only one there, with no others.
1	Lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	2	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
8	there	there	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	7	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	12	det	_	_
12	others	other	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Lone |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lone parent brings up a child alone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:m2:1
# text = A lone parent brings up a child alone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	parent	parent	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	brings	bring	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bring up** | present | a lone parent | a child |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn remedy-45.7 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent child=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«A lone wolf» is a person who likes to do things alone.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:m3:1
# text = «A lone wolf» is a person who likes to do things alone.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	wolf	wolf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	4	punct	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	likes	like	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	acl:relcl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	obj	_	_
14	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a lone wolf | a person |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **like** | present | a person |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 3 | **do** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | a person *not said here* | things |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent thing=Eventuality |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the phrase 'let alone', lone is a short form of alone, meaning not to mention.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:m4:1
# text = In the phrase 'let alone', lone is a short form of alone, meaning not to mention.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	phrase	phrase	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
4	'	'	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	alone	alone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	',	',	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	lone	lone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
9	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	short	short	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	form	form	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
16	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	advcl	_	_
17	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	19	advmod	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	mention	mention	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	16	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **let** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | the phrase |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | alone lone | a short form |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **mean** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 4 | **not** **mention** *speech: other* *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lone bird sat on the fence.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:x1:1
# text = A lone bird sat on the fence.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	sat	sit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	fence	fence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **sit** | past | a lone bird |  |  | the fence |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on fence=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lone apple left on the tree fell.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:x2:1
# text = The lone apple left on the tree fell.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	apple	apple	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	left	leave	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **leave** | participle |  | the lone apple *not said here* |  | the tree |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent on tree=Location |
| 2 | **fall** | past | the lone apple |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then 5 more birds joined the lone bird.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:x3:1
# text = Then 5 more birds joined the lone bird.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	5	advmod	_	_
2	5	5	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
3	more	more	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	amod	_	_
4	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	joined	join	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	bird	bird	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **join** | past | 5 more birds | the lone bird |  |  | then |  | vn mix-22.1-2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent bird=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lone tree stood on the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:x4:1
# text = A lone tree stood on the hill.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	tree	tree	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	stood	stand	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	on	on	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stand** | past | a lone tree |  |  | the hill |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent on hill=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lone rider crossed the desert.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:x5:1
# text = The lone rider crossed the desert.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	rider	rider	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	crossed	cross	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	desert	desert	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cross** | past | the lone rider | the desert |  |  |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent desert=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He is a bit of a lone wolf and likes to work alone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:x6:1
# text = He is a bit of a lone wolf and likes to work alone.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	wolf	wolf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
9	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	likes	like	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	conj	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	work	work	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	alone	alone	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | He | a bit |  |  |  | of a lone wolf | tree rules |
| 2 | **like** | present | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 3 | **work** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | He *not said here* |  |  |  |  | alone *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lone light shone in the window.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:x7:1
# text = A lone light shone in the window.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	shone	shine	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	3	acl	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	window	window	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shine** | participle |  | a lone light *not said here* |  | the window |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in window=Location |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She was the lone girl on the football team.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lone:x8:1
# text = She was the lone girl on the football team.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	lone	lone	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	football	football	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | She | the lone girl |  | the football team |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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