---
title: losses — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «losses» in the school dictionary: soldiers or people killed (and sometimes wounded) in war or a disaster. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# losses

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** soldiers, money, News, town, company, team · **What happens:** kill, lose, suffer, count, make, have · **To what, where:** war, opposite, games, things, heavy losses, battle

<!-- .vabout -->
«losses» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [losses in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/losses.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: euphemism, official — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
soldiers or people killed (and sometimes wounded) in war or a disaster.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:m1:1
# text = soldiers or people killed (and sometimes wounded) in war or a disaster.
1	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
4	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	sometimes	sometimes	ADV	RB	PronType=Ind	8	advmod	_	_
8	wounded	wounded	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	8	punct	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	disaster	disaster	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past | soldiers or people |  |  | war or a disaster |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
money a business loses; the opposite of profits.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:m2:1
# text = money a business loses; the opposite of profits.
1	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	loses	lose	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	opposite	opposite	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
8	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	profits	profit	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | present | money | the opposite of profits |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent opposite=Eventuality |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: literal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
games lost, or things lost.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:m3:1
# text = games lost, or things lost.
1	games	game	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
6	lost	lose	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lose** | participle |  | games or things *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **lose** | participle |  | things *not said here* |  |  |  |  | vn succeed-74-3-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
News: The army suffered heavy losses in the battle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:x1:1
# text = News: The army suffered heavy losses in the battle.
1	News	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
3	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	army	army	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
5	suffered	suffer	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	losses	loss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	battle	battle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **suffer** | past | News | heavy losses |  | the battle |  |  | vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer loss=Stimulus |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The town counted its losses after the flood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:x2:1
# text = The town counted its losses after the flood.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	counted	count	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	losses	loss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	after	after	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	flood	flood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **count** | past | the town | town's losses |  |  | after the flood |  | vn multiply-108 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent loss=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The company made losses of two million pounds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:x3:1
# text = The company made losses of two million pounds.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	company	company	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	losses	loss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	7	compound	_	_
7	million	million	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	pounds	pound	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the company | losses of million pounds |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset loss=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The team has three wins and two losses.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:x4:1
# text = The team has three wins and two losses.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	three	three	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	wins	win	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	_
8	losses	loss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the team | three wins and two losses |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent win=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Maths: If income is £500 and costs are £700, the loss is £200.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:x5:1
# text = Maths: If income is £500 and costs are £700, the loss is £200.
1	Maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	6	punct	_	_
3	If	if	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	income	income	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	£	£	SYM	$	_	1	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	costs	cost	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	_
10	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	£	£	SYM	$	_	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	700	700	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	11	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	nsubj	_	_
16	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	cop	_	_
17	£	£	SYM	$	_	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	200	200	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	17	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Chat: «heavy losses» in war news = lots of soldiers died

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:x6:1
# text = Chat: «heavy losses» in war news = lots of soldiers died
1	Chat	chat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	5	punct	_	_
3	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	losses	loss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	5	punct	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	war	war	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	news	news	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
10	=	=	SYM	SYM	_	11	punct	_	_
11	lots	lot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	soldiers	soldier	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod	_	_
14	died	die	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **die** | past | Chat and heavy losses in war news and lots of soldiers |  |  |  |  |  | vn calibratable\_cos-45.6.1 «NP.attribute V»: agent=Attribute |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He had heavy losses in business, and several times some affairs went wrong with his neighbors.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:losses:x7:1
# text = He had heavy losses in business, and several times some affairs went wrong with his neighbors.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	losses	loss	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	business	business	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	13	cc	_	_
9	several	several	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	12	det	_	_
12	affairs	affair	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	nsubj	_	_
13	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	2	conj	_	_
14	wrong	wrong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	xcomp	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	17	nmod:poss	_	_
17	neighbors	neighbor	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | He | heavy losses |  | business |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent loss=Patient |
| 2 | **go** | past | some affairs |  |  |  | time | with his neighbors; wrong *property* | vn help-72.1-2 «NP V PP.beneficiary»: agent=Agent with neighbor=Beneficiary |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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