---
title: lough — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lough» in the school dictionary: A lough is a lake or a long, narrow arm of the sea in Ireland, like a Scottish loch. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lough

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lough, We, Swans, water, path · **What happens:** be, go, fish, have, swim, open · **To what, where:** lake, biggest lake, British Isles, lough, many small islands, sea · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lough» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lough in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lough.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: Ireland — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lough is a lake or a long, narrow arm of the sea in Ireland, like a Scottish loch.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lough:m1:1
# text = A lough is a lake or a long, narrow arm of the sea in Ireland, like a Scottish loch.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lough	lough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
8	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
10	narrow	narrow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	arm	arm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
12	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
15	in	in	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
18	like	like	ADP	IN	_	21	case	_	_
19	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	21	det	_	_
20	Scottish	Scottish	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	21	amod	_	_
21	loch	loch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a lough | a lake or a long narrow arm of the sea in Ireland and a Scottish loch |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lough Neagh is the biggest lake in the British Isles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lough:x1:1
# text = Lough Neagh is the biggest lake in the British Isles.
1	Lough	Lough	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	Neagh	Neagh	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	biggest	big	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	amod	_	_
6	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	British	British	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	Isles	Isle	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Lough | the biggest lake |  | the British Isles |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We went fishing on the lough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lough:x2:1
# text = We went fishing on the lough.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	went	go	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	fishing	fish	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	xcomp	_	_
4	on	on	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lough	lough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **go** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **fish** | gerund | We *not said here* |  |  | the lough |  |  | vn hunt-35.1 «NP V PP.theme PP.location»: agent=Agent on lough=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lough Erne has many small islands.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lough:x3:1
# text = Lough Erne has many small islands.
1	Lough	Lough	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Erne	Erne	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
5	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	islands	island	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Lough | many small islands |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent island=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lough was calm and grey in the morning.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lough:x4:1
# text = The lough was calm and grey in the morning.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lough	lough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	calm	calm	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	grey	grey	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	morning	morning	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the lough |  |  |  |  | calm *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | the lough *not said here* |  |  |  | morning |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Swans swam across the lough.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lough:x5:1
# text = Swans swam across the lough.
1	Swans	swan	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swam	swim	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	across	across	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	lough	lough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim** | past | Swans |  |  | the lough |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme across lough=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lough Foyle opens into the sea.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lough:x6:1
# text = Lough Foyle opens into the sea.
1	Lough	Lough	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
2	Foyle	Foyle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	flat	_	_
3	opens	open	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	sea	sea	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **open** | present | Lough |  |  | the sea |  |  | vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: agent=Agent into sea=Recipient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"I cannot," said the feet-water; "I am scattered on the ground, and my path is down to the Lough."

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lough:x7:1
# text = "I cannot," said the feet-water; "I am scattered on the ground, and my path is down to the Lough."
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
7	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	feet	foot	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	9	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
15	am	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	16	aux:pass	_	_
16	scattered	scatter	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	7	conj	_	_
17	on	on	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
21	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
22	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	path	path	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	nsubj	_	_
24	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
25	down	down	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
26	to	to	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
27	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
28	Lough	Lough	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	25	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
30	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the feet's water |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **scatter** *in a quote* | present · passive |  | the feet's water *= water* |  | the ground |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: subject=Theme on ground=Destination |
| 3 | **is** *in a quote* | present | my path |  |  |  |  | to the Lough; down *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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