---
title: lower — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lower» in the school dictionary: Lower means less high, closer to the ground, or at the bottom of something. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lower

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Lower, you, your, temperature, shop, lower shelf · **What happens:** mean, lower, move down, make, describe, belong · **To what, where:** something, it, voice, social rank, name, case letters · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lower» in the school dictionary: its 5 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lower in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lower.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lower means less high, closer to the ground, or at the bottom of something.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:m1:1
# text = Lower means less high, closer to the ground, or at the bottom of something.
1	Lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	4	advmod	_	_
4	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	6	punct	_	_
6	closer	close	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	parataxis	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	ground	ground	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
11	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
12	at	at	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	_
15	of	of	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Lower |  |  |  |  | high *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lower means smaller in number, amount or level.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:m2:1
# text = Lower means smaller in number, amount or level.
1	Lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	smaller	small	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	2	xcomp	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	number	number	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	amount	amount	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	appos	_	_
8	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Lower |  |  |  |  | small *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lower something means to move it down.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:m3:1
# text = To lower something means to move it down.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lower	lower	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	move	move	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	down	down	ADP	RP	_	6	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **move down** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | it |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent it=Theme |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lower something like a price, sound or voice means to make it less.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:m4:1
# text = To lower something like a price, sound or voice means to make it less.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lower	lower	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	csubj	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	price	price	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	sound	sound	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	conj	_	_
11	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	make	make	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	obj	_	_
15	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	13	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	11	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  | like a price and sound or voice | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **make** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | voice |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset it=Product |

## Meaning 5 {#m5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lower can also describe social rank, meaning belonging to the group of people with less money and power.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:m5:1
# text = Lower can also describe social rank, meaning belonging to the group of people with less money and power.
1	Lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	4	amod	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
3	also	also	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	describe	describe	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	social	social	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	rank	rank	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	meaning	mean	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
9	belonging	belong	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	8	xcomp	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	group	group	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
13	of	of	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
15	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	less	less	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	17	amod	_	_
17	money	money	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **describe** | can |  | social rank |  |  |  |  | vn characterize-29.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent rank=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **belong** *not said to happen* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | to the group of people; with less money and power | vn attend-107.4-2 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Write your name in lower-case letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:x1:1
# text = Write your name in lower-case letters.
1	Write	write	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
3	name	name	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	lower	lower	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	5	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	case	case	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **write** | imperative | you *not said here* | your name |  | case letters |  |  | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent name=Theme in letter=Destination |
| 2 | **name** |  | your |  |  |  |  |  | nom name «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The temperature is lower at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:x2:1
# text = The temperature is lower at night.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
5	at	at	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the temperature |  |  |  | night | low *property* | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
12 is lower than 20.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:x3:1
# text = 12 is lower than 20.
1	12	12	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl:unmarked	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
4	than	than	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	20	20	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | than 20; 12 *obl:unmarked*; low *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lower the bucket into the well slowly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:x4:1
# text = Lower the bucket into the well slowly.
1	Lower	lower	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	bucket	bucket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	well	well	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
7	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | imperative | you *not said here* | the bucket |  | the well |  | slowly *property* | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent bucket=Theme into well=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Please lower your voice in the library.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:x5:1
# text = Please lower your voice in the library.
1	Please	please	INTJ	UH	_	2	discourse	_	_
2	lower	lower	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	library	library	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | imperative | you *not said here* | your voice |  | the library |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent voice=Theme in library=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The shop lowered its prices in the sale.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:x6:1
# text = The shop lowered its prices in the sale.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	shop	shop	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lowered	lower	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	prices	price	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	sale	sale	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lower** | past | the shop | shop's prices |  | the sale |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent price=Theme in sale=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lower shelf is for the little ones.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:x7:1
# text = The lower shelf is for the little ones.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	shelf	shelf	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	ones	one	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the lower shelf |  |  |  |  | for the little ones | tree rules |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My lower lip is cut.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lower:x8:1
# text = My lower lip is cut.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	3	amod	_	_
3	lip	lip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj:pass	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux:pass	_	_
5	cut	cut	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cut** | present · passive |  | My lower lip |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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