---
title: lug — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lug» in the school dictionary: To lug is to carry or drag something heavy with great effort. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lug

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**Who acts:** lug, He, She, fox · **What happens:** lug, be, drag, lift, listen · **To what, where:** something, ear, sack, heavy pot, fire, lugs

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«lug» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 3 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lug in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lug.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To lug is to carry or drag something heavy with great effort.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lug:m1:1
# text = To lug is to carry or drag something heavy with great effort.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	lug	lug	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	carry	carry	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	drag	drag	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	7	obj	_	_
9	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	great	great	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lug** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | carry *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **drag** | infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent something=Theme |

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One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old use, in old poems and tales — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lug is an ear.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lug:m2:1
# text = A lug is an ear.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lug	lug	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	ear	ear	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a lug | a ear |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He lugged the sack up the hill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lug:x1:1
# text = He lugged the sack up the hill.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lugged	lug	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	sack	sack	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
5	up	up	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hill	hill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lug** | past | He | the sack |  |  |  | up the hill | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sack=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She lugged the heavy pot to the fire.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lug:x2:1
# text = She lugged the heavy pot to the fire.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	lugged	lug	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	pot	pot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	fire	fire	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lug** | past | She | the heavy pot |  | the fire |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent pot=Theme to fire=Destination |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fox lifted his lugs and listened.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lug:x3:1
# text = The fox lifted his lugs and listened.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fox	fox	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lifted	lift	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	lugs	lug	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	listened	listen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lift** | past | the fox | fox's lugs |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lug=Theme |
| 2 | **listen** | past | the fox *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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