---
title: luminous — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «luminous» in the school dictionary: Luminous means giving out light or glowing, especially in the dark («luminous paint», «a luminous watch»). Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# luminous

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Luminous, Luminous colours, Sun, Moon, watch, you · **What happens:** mean, give out, glow, shine, be, not be · **To what, where:** light, dark, luminous eyes, luminous object, luminous hands, luminous jacket

<!-- .vabout -->
«luminous» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [luminous in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/luminous.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Luminous means giving out light or glowing, especially in the dark («luminous paint», «a luminous watch»).

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:m1:1
# text = Luminous means giving out light or glowing, especially in the dark («luminous paint», «a luminous watch»).
1	Luminous	Luminous	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	giving	give	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	xcomp	_	_
4	out	out	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	glowing	glow	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
9	especially	especially	ADV	RB	_	12	advmod	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	dark	dark	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
13	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	paint	paint	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
21	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	watch	watch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	22	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Luminous |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **give out** *not said to happen* | gerund | Luminous *not said here* | light |  | the dark  luminous paint |  |  | vn contribute-13.2 «NP V NP.theme (PP)»: agent=Agent light=Theme |
| 3 | **glow** | gerund | Luminous *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Luminous means very bright and shining («luminous eyes»).

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:m2:1
# text = Luminous means very bright and shining («luminous eyes»).
1	Luminous	Luminous	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	shining	shine	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	conj	_	_
7	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	10	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Luminous |  |  |  |  | bright *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **shine** | gerund | Luminous *not said here* | luminous eyes |  |  |  |  | vn light\_emission-43.1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent eye=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Luminous colours are very bright, neon colours, like luminous yellow or green.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:m3:1
# text = Luminous colours are very bright, neon colours, like luminous yellow or green.
1	Luminous	Luminous	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	very	very	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	neon	neon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	colours	colour	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	yellow	yellow	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Luminous colours |  |  |  |  | bright *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **be** |  | Luminous colours *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Sun is a luminous object.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:x1:1
# text = The Sun is a luminous object.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Sun	Sun	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	object	object	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the Sun | a luminous object |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Moon is not luminous; it reflects light.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:x2:1
# text = The Moon is not luminous; it reflects light.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Moon	Moon	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	5	advmod	_	_
5	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	reflects	reflect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
9	light	light	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **is** | present | the Moon |  |  |  |  | luminous *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **reflect** | present | Moon | light |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My watch has luminous hands.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:x3:1
# text = My watch has luminous hands.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	watch	watch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | My watch | luminous hands |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hand=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Wear a luminous jacket when cycling at night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:x4:1
# text = Wear a luminous jacket when cycling at night.
1	Wear	wear	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
3	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	jacket	jacket	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	6	advmod	_	_
6	cycling	cycle	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | imperative | you *not said here* | a luminous jacket |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent jacket=Theme |
| 2 | **cycle** | gerund | you *not said here* |  |  |  | night |  | vn vehicle-51.4.1-1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stars were luminous in the clear sky.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:x5:1
# text = The stars were luminous in the clear sky.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	stars	star	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	clear	clear	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	sky	sky	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | the stars |  |  | the clear sky |  | luminous *property* | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Glow-worms are luminous insects.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:x6:1
# text = Glow-worms are luminous insects.
1	Glow	glow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	1	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	worms	worm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Glow worms | luminous insects |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She painted her nails luminous pink.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:x7:1
# text = She painted her nails luminous pink.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	painted	paint	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	nails	nail	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	pink	pink	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **paint** | past | She | her nails |  |  |  | pink *property* | vn image\_impression-25.1 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent nail=Destination |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then a bright falling star came down, leaving a broad, luminous streak behind it.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:luminous:x8:1
# text = Then a bright falling star came down, leaving a broad, luminous streak behind it.
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	6	advmod	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
3	bright	bright	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
4	falling	fall	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	5	amod	_	_
5	star	star	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	down	down	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
9	leaving	leave	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
11	broad	broad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
13	luminous	luminous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	streak	streak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
15	behind	behind	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
16	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	14	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **come down** | past | a bright falling star |  |  |  | then | down *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **leave** | gerund | a bright falling star *not said here* | a broad luminous streak |  | star |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent streak=Theme behind it=Location |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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