---
title: lung — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lung» in the school dictionary: The lungs are the two organs inside your chest that you breathe with; they take oxygen from the air into your blood and let carbon dioxide out. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lung

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lungs, you, We, ribs, Smoking, Fish · **What happens:** be, breathe, take, let out, have, fill · **To what, where:** two organs, chest, that, oxygen, air, carbon dioxide

<!-- .vabout -->
«lung» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lung in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lung.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lungs are the two organs inside your chest that you breathe with; they take oxygen from the air into your blood and let carbon dioxide out.

<!-- fold The tree, 27 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:m1:1
# text = The lungs are the two organs inside your chest that you breathe with; they take oxygen from the air into your blood and let carbon dioxide out.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	6	nummod	_	_
6	organs	organ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
7	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	chest	chest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	12	obj	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	12	nsubj	_	_
12	breathe	breathe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
13	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	16	punct	_	_
15	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	nsubj	_	_
16	take	take	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	parataxis	_	_
17	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	from	from	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
21	into	into	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	23	nmod:poss	_	_
23	blood	blood	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obl	_	_
24	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
25	let	let	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	16	conj	_	_
26	carbon	carbon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	27	compound	_	_
27	dioxide	dioxide	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obj	_	_
28	out	out	ADP	RP	_	25	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the lungs | the two organs |  | your chest |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **breathe** | present | you | that |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent that=Theme |
| 3 | **take** | present | lungs *= lung* | oxygen |  | the air |  | into your blood | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location»: agent=Agent oxygen=Theme from air=Initial\_Location |
| 4 | **let out** | infinitive | lungs *= lung* *not said here* | carbon dioxide |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent dioxide=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We have two lungs in our chest.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x1:1
# text = We have two lungs in our chest.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	4	nummod	_	_
4	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	chest	chest	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | We | two lungs |  | our chest |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lung=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your lungs fill with air when you breathe in.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x2:1
# text = Your lungs fill with air when you breathe in.
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fill	fill	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	breathe	breathe	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fill** | present | Your lungs |  |  |  |  | with air | vn other\_cos-45.4 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent with air=Instrument |
| 2 | **breathe in** | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The ribs protect the heart and lungs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x3:1
# text = The ribs protect the heart and lungs.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	ribs	rib	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	protect	protect	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	heart	heart	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **protect** | present | the ribs | the heart and lungs |  |  |  |  | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent heart=Beneficiary |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smoking harms your lungs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x4:1
# text = Smoking harms your lungs.
1	Smoking	smoking	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	harms	harm	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **harm** | present | Smoking | your lungs |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus lung=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Running makes your lungs work hard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x5:1
# text = Running makes your lungs work hard.
1	Running	run	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	2	nsubj	_	_
2	makes	make	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
4	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
5	work	work	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	ccomp	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **make** | present |  |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 3 | **work** | present | your lungs |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | vn employment-95.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Fish use gills instead of lungs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x6:1
# text = Fish use gills instead of lungs.
1	Fish	fish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	use	use	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	gills	gill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	instead	instead	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADP	6	case	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	fixed	_	_
6	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Fish | gills |  |  |  | instead lungs | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gill=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She shouted at the top of her lungs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x7:1
# text = She shouted at the top of her lungs.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	shouted	shout	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	at	at	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	top	top	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shout** *speech: express* | past | She |  |  | the top of her lungs |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Smoke from fires is bad for the lungs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x8:1
# text = Smoke from fires is bad for the lungs.
1	Smoke	smoke	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	fires	fire	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
6	for	for	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Smoke from fires |  |  |  |  | for the lungs; bad *property* | tree rules |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This resulted in inflammation of the lungs, which rapidly increased.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lung:x9:1
# text = This resulted in inflammation of the lungs, which rapidly increased.
1	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	2	nsubj	_	_
2	resulted	result	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	inflammation	inflammation	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
9	which	which	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
10	rapidly	rapidly	ADV	RB	_	11	advmod	_	_
11	increased	increase	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **result** | participle | This |  |  | inflammation of the lungs |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in inflammation=Location |
| 2 | **increase** | past | inflammation of the lungs |  |  |  |  | rapidly *property* | vn caused\_calibratable\_cos-45.6.2-1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **inflame** |  |  | the lungs |  |  |  |  | nom inflammation «state transitive»: of=patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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