---
title: lungfish — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lungfish» in the school dictionary: A lungfish is a freshwater fish that can breathe air with lungs as well as with gills. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lungfish

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lungfish, that, pond, Australian lungfish, Scientists, animals · **What happens:** be, breathe, survive, dry up, bury, swim up · **To what, where:** freshwater fish, air, themselves, mud, lungs, rivers · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«lungfish» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lungfish in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lungfish.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lungfish is a freshwater fish that can breathe air with lungs as well as with gills.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lungfish:m1:1
# text = A lungfish is a freshwater fish that can breathe air with lungs as well as with gills.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	freshwater	freshwater	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	fish	fish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	9	nsubj	_	_
8	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	breathe	breathe	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	parataxis	_	_
10	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	_
11	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	_
13	as	as	ADV	RB	ExtPos=ADV	9	advmod	_	_
14	well	well	ADV	RB	Degree=Pos	13	fixed	_	_
15	as	as	ADP	IN	_	13	fixed	_	_
16	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	gills	gill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a lungfish | a freshwater fish |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **breathe** | can | that | air |  |  |  | with lungs; with gills | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some lungfish can survive when their pond dries up by burying themselves in mud and breathing air for months.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lungfish:m2:1
# text = Some lungfish can survive when their pond dries up by burying themselves in mud and breathing air for months.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	survive	survive	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
6	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
7	pond	pond	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	dries	dry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	advcl	_	_
9	up	up	ADP	RP	_	8	compound:prt	_	_
10	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
11	burying	bury	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
12	themselves	themselves	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	11	obj	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	breathing	breathe	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	11	conj	_	_
17	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	obj	_	_
18	for	for	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
19	months	month	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **survive** | can | some lungfish |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **dry up** | present | their pond |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **bury** | gerund | some lungfish *not said here* | themselves *= they* |  | mud |  |  | vn put-9.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent themselves=Theme in mud=Destination |
| 4 | **breathe** | gerund | some lungfish *not said here* | air |  |  | month |  | vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lungfish swims up to gulp air.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lungfish:x1:1
# text = The lungfish swims up to gulp air.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	swims	swim	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	up	up	ADP	RP	_	3	compound:prt	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	gulp	gulp	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
7	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swim up** | present | the lungfish |  |  |  |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **gulp** | to-infinitive | the lungfish *not said here* | air |  |  |  |  | vn gobble-39.3 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
When the pond dries out, the lungfish hides in the mud.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lungfish:x2:1
# text = When the pond dries out, the lungfish hides in the mud.
1	When	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	4	mark	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	pond	pond	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	dries	dry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	advcl	_	_
5	out	out	ADP	RP	_	4	compound:prt	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	4	punct	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	hides	hide	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	mud	mud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **dry out** | present | the pond |  |  |  |  |  | vn other\_cos-45.4-1 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |
| 2 | **hide** | present | the lungfish |  |  | the mud |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in mud=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Lungfish have lungs and gills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lungfish:x3:1
# text = Lungfish have lungs and gills.
1	Lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	lungs	lung	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	gills	gill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Lungfish | lungs and gills |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lung=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Australian lungfish lives in rivers in Queensland.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lungfish:x4:1
# text = The Australian lungfish lives in rivers in Queensland.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Australian	Australian	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	lives	live	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	rivers	river	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Queensland	Queensland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | present | the Australian lungfish |  |  | rivers in Queensland |  |  | vn lodge-46 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in river=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A lungfish can live for many years.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lungfish:x5:1
# text = A lungfish can live for many years.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	for	for	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	years	year	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **live** | can | a lungfish |  |  |  | year |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists study lungfish to learn how animals moved onto land.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lungfish:x6:1
# text = Scientists study lungfish to learn how animals moved onto land.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	study	study	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	lungfish	lungfish	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	learn	learn	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
6	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	8	advmod	_	_
7	animals	animal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nsubj	_	_
8	moved	move	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	5	ccomp	_	_
9	onto	onto	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	land	land	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | Scientists | lungfish |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lungfish=Topic |
| 2 | **learn** | to-infinitive | Scientists *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **move** | past | animals |  |  | land |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP V PP.trajectory»: agent=Theme onto land=Trajectory |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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