---
title: lunula — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «lunula» in the school dictionary: The white half-moon shape at the bottom of a fingernail or toenail. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# lunula

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** lunula, thumbnail, museum, lunulae · **What happens:** shape, make, be, have, come, see · **To what, where:** flat gold neck ornament, Ireland, white half moon, nail, biggest lunula, shiny gold lunula

<!-- .vabout -->
«lunula» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [lunula in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/lunula.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The white half-moon shape at the bottom of a fingernail or toenail.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lunula:m1:1
# text = The white half-moon shape at the bottom of a fingernail or toenail.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
2	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
3	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	5	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	shape	shape	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	bottom	bottom	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	fingernail	fingernail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	toenail	toenail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: history — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A flat gold neck ornament shaped like a crescent moon, made in Ireland and Britain in the Bronze Age.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lunula:m2:1
# text = A flat gold neck ornament shaped like a crescent moon, made in Ireland and Britain in the Bronze Age.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
2	flat	flat	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
3	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
4	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	ornament	ornament	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	shaped	shape	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
7	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	crescent	crescent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
15	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	16	cc	_	_
16	Britain	Britain	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	conj	_	_
17	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
19	Bronze	Bronze	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	20	compound	_	_
20	Age	Age	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **shape** | participle |  | a flat gold neck ornament *not said here* |  |  |  | like a crescent moon | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |
| 2 | **make** | participle |  | a flat gold neck ornament *not said here* |  | Ireland and Britain | in the Bronze Age |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The lunula is the white half-moon on your nail.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lunula:x1:1
# text = The lunula is the white half-moon on your nail.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	lunula	lunula	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	white	white	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
6	half	half	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing|NumForm=Word|NumType=Frac	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	nail	nail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the lunula | the white half moon |  | your nail |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Your thumbnail has the biggest lunula.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lunula:x2:1
# text = Your thumbnail has the biggest lunula.
1	Your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	thumbnail	thumbnail	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	biggest	big	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	amod	_	_
6	lunula	lunula	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Your thumbnail | the biggest lunula |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lunula=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The museum has a shiny gold lunula from the Bronze Age.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lunula:x3:1
# text = The museum has a shiny gold lunula from the Bronze Age.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	museum	museum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	shiny	shiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	gold	gold	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	lunula	lunula	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
8	from	from	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	Bronze	Bronze	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	Age	Age	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the museum | a shiny gold lunula |  |  | from the Bronze Age |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent lunula=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Lunula» comes from the Latin word for «little moon».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lunula:x4:1
# text = «Lunula» comes from the Latin word for «little moon».
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Lunula	Lunula	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	comes	come	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Latin	Latin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	moon	moon	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Lunula |  |  | the Latin word for little moon |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from word=Initial\_Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some people's lunulae are hard to see.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lunula:x5:1
# text = Some people's lunulae are hard to see.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	lunulae	lunulae	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
5	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	see	see	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | some people's lunulae |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **see** | to-infinitive | some people's lunulae *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Bronze Age lunula was worn around the neck.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:lunula:x6:1
# text = The Bronze Age lunula was worn around the neck.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
2	Bronze	Bronze	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Age	Age	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	lunula	lunula	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj:pass	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux:pass	_	_
6	worn	wear	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
7	around	around	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past · passive |  | the Age lunula |  | the neck |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: subject=Source |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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