---
title: magistrate — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «magistrate» in the school dictionary: An official who acts as a judge in a local court, dealing with less serious crimes and some family or local matters. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# magistrate

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** official, Justice, person, man, Magistrates, magistrate · **What happens:** act, deal, call, hear, hold, have · **To what, where:** local court, volunteer, cases, court, public power, magistrate · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«magistrate» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [magistrate in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/magistrate.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: law — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An official who acts as a judge in a local court, dealing with less serious crimes and some family or local matters.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:m1:1
# text = An official who acts as a judge in a local court, dealing with less serious crimes and some family or local matters.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	official	official	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	acts	act	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	judge	judge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
10	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	11	amod	_	_
11	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	dealing	deal	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	advcl	_	_
14	with	with	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
15	less	less	ADV	RBR	Degree=Cmp	16	advmod	_	_
16	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	17	amod	_	_
17	crimes	crime	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	13	obl	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	20	cc	_	_
19	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	20	det	_	_
20	family	family	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
21	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
22	local	local	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	23	amod	_	_
23	matters	matter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **act** | present | a official |  |  | a local court |  | as a judge | vn masquerade-29.6-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Agent as judge=Attribute |
| 2 | **deal** | gerund | a official *not said here* |  |  |  |  | with serious crimes and some family or local matters | vn cope-83 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent with crime=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: UK — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A volunteer from the community, also called a Justice of the Peace (JP), who hears cases in a magistrates' court.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:m2:1
# text = A volunteer from the community, also called a Justice of the Peace (JP), who hears cases in a magistrates' court.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	volunteer	volunteer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	community	community	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
7	also	also	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	_
8	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	Justice	Justice	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	19	nsubj	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	Peace	Peace	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
14	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	JP	JP	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	13	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	15	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	19	nsubj	_	_
19	hears	hear	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
20	cases	case	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	19	obj	_	_
21	in	in	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	magistrates	magistrate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	25	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	'	's	PART	POS	_	23	case	_	_
25	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **call** | participle · passive |  | a volunteer from the community |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: subject=Recipient |
| 2 | **hear** | present | a Justice of the Peace | cases |  | a magistrates's court |  |  | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer case=Stimulus |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: history — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In old Rome and other places, a person who held public power, like a mayor or governor.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:m3:1
# text = In old Rome and other places, a person who held public power, like a mayor or governor.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
5	other	other	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	places	place	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
10	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	public	public	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	13	amod	_	_
13	power	power	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
15	like	like	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
16	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	17	det	_	_
17	mayor	mayor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	obl	_	_
18	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	governor	governor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | a person | public power |  |  |  | like a mayor or governor | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent power=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The man had to appear before a magistrate for speeding.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x1:1
# text = The man had to appear before a magistrate for speeding.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	man	man	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	appear	appear	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	before	before	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	magistrate	magistrate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
9	for	for	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	speeding	speeding	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the man |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **appear** | to-infinitive | the man *not said here* |  |  | a magistrate for speeding |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme before magistrate=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Magistrates in England are usually volunteers, not paid lawyers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x2:1
# text = Magistrates in England are usually volunteers, not paid lawyers.
1	Magistrates	magistrate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	England	England	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	usually	usually	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	volunteers	volunteer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
8	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
9	paid	pay	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	amod	_	_
10	lawyers	lawyer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Magistrates in England | volunteers and paid lawyers |  |  |  | usually *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **not** **pay** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The magistrate fined her for dropping litter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x3:1
# text = The magistrate fined her for dropping litter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	magistrate	magistrate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	fined	fine	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	her	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	dropping	drop	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
7	litter	litter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fine** | past | the magistrate |  | her *= she* |  |  |  | vn bill-54.5-1 «NP V NP.recipient»: agent=Agent she=Recipient |
| 2 | **drop** | gerund | the magistrate *not said here* | litter |  |  |  |  | vn put\_direction-9.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent litter=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Most criminal cases start in the magistrates' court.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x4:1
# text = Most criminal cases start in the magistrates' court.
1	Most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	3	amod	_	_
2	criminal	criminal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	cases	case	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	start	start	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	magistrates	magistrate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	'	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **start** | present | Most criminal cases |  |  | the magistrates's court |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our neighbour is a magistrate and sits in court twice a month.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x5:1
# text = Our neighbour is a magistrate and sits in court twice a month.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	neighbour	neighbour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	magistrate	magistrate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	sits	sit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	conj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	_
10	twice	twice	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	12	advmod	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	month	month	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Our neighbour | a magistrate |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **sit** | present | Our neighbour *not said here* |  |  | court | month |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in court=Location |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The magistrate listened to both sides before deciding.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x6:1
# text = The magistrate listened to both sides before deciding.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	magistrate	magistrate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	listened	listen	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	both	both	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	6	det	_	_
6	sides	side	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	_
7	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	8	mark	_	_
8	deciding	decide	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **listen** | past | the magistrate |  |  |  |  | to both sides | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent to side=Theme |
| 2 | **decide** | gerund | the magistrate *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn correspond-36.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In ancient Rome, magistrates ran the city.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x7:1
# text = In ancient Rome, magistrates ran the city.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	ancient	ancient	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Rome	Rome	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	magistrates	magistrate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
6	ran	run	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **run** | past | magistrates | the city |  | ancient Rome |  |  | vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent city=Theme in rome=Trajectory |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A magistrate can send serious cases to a higher court.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x8:1
# text = A magistrate can send serious cases to a higher court.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	magistrate	magistrate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	send	send	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	serious	serious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cases	case	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	higher	high	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	10	amod	_	_
10	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | can | a magistrate | serious cases |  | a higher court |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent case=Theme to court=Destination |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Then the magistrate, pointing to Pinocchio, said in a very solemn voice:

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:magistrate:x9:1
# text = Then the magistrate, pointing to Pinocchio, said in a very solemn voice:
1	Then	then	ADV	RB	PronType=Dem	3	advmod	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	magistrate	magistrate	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	pointing	point	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	acl	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Pinocchio	Pinocchio	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
9	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
10	in	in	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
12	very	very	ADV	RB	_	13	advmod	_	_
13	solemn	solemn	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	14	amod	_	_
14	voice	voice	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **point** | gerund | the magistrate *not said here* |  | Pinocchio |  |  |  | vn wink-40.3.1 «NP V PP.recipient»: agent=Agent to pinocchio=Recipient |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the magistrate |  |  | a solemn voice |  |  | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent in voice=Manner |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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