---
title: maintain — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «maintain» in the school dictionary: To maintain something is to keep it in good condition by looking after it. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# maintain

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** something, they, You, car, He, caretaker · **What happens:** maintain, be, look, say, mean, pay · **To what, where:** something, good condition, same level, speed, someone, bike · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«maintain» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [maintain in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/maintain.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To maintain something is to keep it in good condition by looking after it.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:m1:1
# text = To maintain something is to keep it in good condition by looking after it.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
3	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
9	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	condition	condition	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	_
11	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	12	mark	_	_
12	looking	look	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	6	advcl	_	_
13	after	after	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
14	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	12	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | to-infinitive |  | something |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent something=Theme |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | good condition |  | keep *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **look** | gerund |  |  |  |  | after condition |  | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To maintain is to keep something at the same level: maintain a speed.

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:m2:1
# text = To maintain is to keep something at the same level: maintain a speed.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	level	level	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
12	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	14	det	_	_
14	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  | the same level |  | keep *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **maintain** | infinitive |  | a speed |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent speed=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To maintain is to keep saying firmly that something is true.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:m3:1
# text = To maintain is to keep saying firmly that something is true.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	keep	keep	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	saying	say	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	xcomp	_	_
7	firmly	firmly	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
8	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	11	mark	_	_
9	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	11	nsubj	_	_
10	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	11	cop	_	_
11	true	true	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | keep *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | firmly *property* | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **is** | present | something |  |  |  |  | true *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To maintain someone can mean to pay for what they need to live.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:m4:1
# text = To maintain someone can mean to pay for what they need to live.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	csubj	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	_
5	mean	mean	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	pay	pay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
8	for	for	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	7	obl	_	_
10	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	nsubj	_	_
11	need	need	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	_
12	to	to	PART	TO	_	13	mark	_	_
13	live	live	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	11	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent someone=Theme |
| 2 | **mean** | can |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **pay** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent for what=Theme |
| 4 | **need** | present | they |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 5 | **live** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | they *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn exist-47.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You must maintain your bike by oiling the chain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:x1:1
# text = You must maintain your bike by oiling the chain.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
5	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	by	by	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
7	oiling	oil	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	chain	chain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | must | You | your bike |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent bike=Theme |
| 2 | **oil** | gerund | You *not said here* | the chain |  |  |  |  | vn butter-9.9 «NP V NP.destination»: agent=Agent chain=Destination |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The car maintained a steady speed of 60 km/h.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:x2:1
# text = The car maintained a steady speed of 60 km/h.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	maintained	maintain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	steady	steady	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	speed	speed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	60	60	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	km/h	km/h	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | past | the car | a steady speed of 60 km/h |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent speed=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
He maintained that he was innocent.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:x3:1
# text = He maintained that he was innocent.
1	He	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	maintained	maintain	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
4	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	nsubj	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	innocent	innocent	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | past | He |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | he |  |  |  |  | innocent *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Keep the water at the same temperature to maintain a fair test.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:x4:1
# text = Keep the water at the same temperature to maintain a fair test.
1	Keep	keep	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
8	to	to	PART	TO	_	9	mark	_	_
9	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	fair	fair	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	test	test	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **keep** | imperative | you *not said here* | the water |  | the same temperature |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent water=Theme at temperature=Location |
| 2 | **maintain** | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | a fair test |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent test=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The caretaker maintains the school grounds.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:x5:1
# text = The caretaker maintains the school grounds.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	caretaker	caretaker	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	maintains	maintain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	school	school	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	grounds	grounds	NOUN	NNS	Number=Ptan	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **maintain** | present | the caretaker | the school grounds |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent grounds=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Try to maintain eye contact when you speak.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:x6:1
# text = Try to maintain eye contact when you speak.
1	Try	try	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	to	to	PART	TO	_	3	mark	_	_
3	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	xcomp	_	_
4	eye	eye	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	contact	contact	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	8	mark	_	_
7	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	_
8	speak	speak	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **try** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn try-61.1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **maintain** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | you *not said here* | eye contact |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent contact=Theme |
| 3 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | you |  |  |  |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Regular exercise helps maintain good health.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:x7:1
# text = Regular exercise helps maintain good health.
1	Regular	regular	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	exercise	exercise	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	maintain	maintain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	good	good	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	health	health	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Regular exercise |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **maintain** | infinitive | Regular exercise *not said here* | good health |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V NP ADJ»: agent=Agent health=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yes, it always pays best when the wife sees and maintains that her husband knows best, and whatever he does is right.

<!-- fold The tree, 22 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:maintain:x8:1
# text = Yes, it always pays best when the wife sees and maintains that her husband knows best, and whatever he does is right.
1	Yes	yes	INTJ	UH	Polarity=Pos	5	discourse	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	nsubj	_	_
4	always	always	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	5	advmod	_	_
5	pays	pay	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	best	well	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	5	advmod	_	_
7	when	when	SCONJ	WRB	_	10	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	wife	wife	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
10	sees	see	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	maintains	maintain	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	conj	_	_
13	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	16	mark	_	_
14	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	15	nmod:poss	_	_
15	husband	husband	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	nsubj	_	_
16	knows	know	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	advcl	_	_
17	best	well	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	16	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	24	punct	_	_
19	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
20	whatever	whatever	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	22	obj	_	_
21	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	22	nsubj	_	_
22	does	do	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	aux	_	_
23	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	24	cop	_	_
24	right	right	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **pay** | present | it |  |  |  |  | always, well *property* | vn pay-68-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **see** | present | the wife |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **maintain** | present | the wife *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1 «NP V what S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **know** | present | wife's husband |  |  |  |  | well *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 5 | **is** | present · do-support |  |  |  |  |  | right *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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