---
title: malayalam — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «malayalam» in the school dictionary: Malayalam is a language spoken by about 35 million people, mainly in the state of Kerala in south-west India. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# malayalam

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Malayalam, alphabet, friend, Malayalam film festival, We, Many nurses · **What happens:** be, speak, use, write, round, have · **To what, where:** language, state, Malayalam, main language, own script, palindrome · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«malayalam» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [malayalam in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/malayalam.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: a language — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Malayalam is a language spoken by about 35 million people, mainly in the state of Kerala in south-west India.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:m1:1
# text = Malayalam is a language spoken by about 35 million people, mainly in the state of Kerala in south-west India.
1	Malayalam	malayalam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	spoken	speak	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	4	acl	_	_
6	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
7	about	about	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
8	35	35	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	9	compound	_	_
9	million	million	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	10	nummod	_	_
10	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obl:agent	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
12	mainly	mainly	ADV	RB	_	15	advmod	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	state	state	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
16	of	of	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	Kerala	Kerala	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	15	nmod	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	22	case	_	_
19	south	south	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	19	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	west	west	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	17	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Malayalam | a language |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | participle |  | a language *not said here* |  | the state of Kerala in west India |  |  | vn talk-37.5 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The alphabet (script) used to write that language, with rounded letters.

<!-- fold The tree, 11 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:m2:1
# text = The alphabet (script) used to write that language, with rounded letters.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	alphabet	alphabet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	4	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	script	script	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	4	punct	_	_
6	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	write	write	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	xcomp	_	_
9	that	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	10	det	_	_
10	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	with	with	ADP	IN	_	14	case	_	_
13	rounded	round	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	14	amod	_	_
14	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | the alphabet |  |  |  |  |  | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 2 | **write** | to-infinitive | the alphabet *not said here* | that language |  |  |  | with rounded letters | vn scribble-25.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent language=Theme |
| 3 | **round** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My friend Anu speaks Malayalam with her grandparents.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:x1:1
# text = My friend Anu speaks Malayalam with her grandparents.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	friend	friend	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	Anu	Anu	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
4	speaks	speak	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	Malayalam	Malayalam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	grandparents	grandparent	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **speak** *speech: other* | present | My friend | Malayalam |  |  |  | with friend's grandparents | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Malayalam is the main language of Kerala in India.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:x2:1
# text = Malayalam is the main language of Kerala in India.
1	Malayalam	malayalam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	main	main	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	language	language	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Kerala	Kerala	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	India	India	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Malayalam | the main language |  |  |  | of Kerala in India | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Malayalam has its own script with curly letters.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:x3:1
# text = Malayalam has its own script with curly letters.
1	Malayalam	malayalam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	own	own	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	script	script	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	curly	curly	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	letters	letter	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Malayalam | Malayalam's own script |  |  |  | with curly letters | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent script=Patient |
| 2 | **script** |  | Malayalam |  |  |  |  | with curly letters | nom script «communication transitive»: poss=agent with=obl |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Malayalam» is a palindrome: it reads the same backwards.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:x4:1
# text = «Malayalam» is a palindrome: it reads the same backwards.
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Malayalam	malayalam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	2	punct	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	palindrome	palindrome	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	9	punct	_	_
8	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
9	reads	read	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	same	same	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	obj	_	_
12	backwards	backwards	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Malayalam | a palindrome |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **read** | present | Malayalam | the same |  |  |  | backwards *property* | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent same=Topic |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There is a Malayalam film festival in our city.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:x5:1
# text = There is a Malayalam film festival in our city.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	is	be	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
4	Malayalam	malayalam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
5	film	film	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	festival	festival	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	city	city	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | present | a Malayalam film festival in our city |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Malayalam and Tamil are related languages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:x6:1
# text = Malayalam and Tamil are related languages.
1	Malayalam	malayalam	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	Tamil	Tamil	ADJ	NNP	Degree=Pos	1	conj	_	_
4	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	related	related	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	languages	language	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Malayalam | related languages |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We learned to say «hello» in Malayalam: «namaskaram».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:x7:1
# text = We learned to say «hello» in Malayalam: «namaskaram».
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	learned	learn	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	say	say	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	hello	hello	INTJ	UH	_	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	6	punct	_	_
8	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Malayalam	Malayalam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	12	punct	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	namaskaram	namaskaram	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **learn** | past | We |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-2-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **say** *speech: assert* | to-infinitive | We *not said here* |  |  | Malayalam |  |  | vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP PP.manner»: agent=Agent hello=Theme in malayalam=Manner |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Many nurses in Ireland come from Kerala and speak Malayalam.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malayalam:x8:1
# text = Many nurses in Ireland come from Kerala and speak Malayalam.
1	Many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	nurses	nurse	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Ireland	Ireland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	come	come	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	from	from	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Kerala	Kerala	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	speak	speak	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
10	Malayalam	Malayalam	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | present | Many nurses in Ireland |  |  | Kerala |  |  | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V PP.initial\_location»: agent=Theme from kerala=Initial\_Location |
| 2 | **speak** *speech: other* | infinitive | Many nurses in Ireland *not said here* | Malayalam |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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