---
title: malicious — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «malicious» in the school dictionary: Malicious means wanting to hurt someone or do harm on purpose. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# malicious

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Malicious, malicious act, Malicious software, witch, Someone, malicious rumour · **What happens:** mean, want, hurt, do, be, harm · **To what, where:** someone, harm, purpose, one, Malicious software, computer · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«malicious» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [malicious in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/malicious.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Malicious means wanting to hurt someone or do harm on purpose.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:m1:1
# text = Malicious means wanting to hurt someone or do harm on purpose.
1	Malicious	Malicious	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	wanting	want	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	ccomp	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	5	mark	_	_
5	hurt	hurt	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
6	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	obj	_	_
7	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	do	do	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	conj	_	_
9	harm	harm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
10	on	on	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	purpose	purpose	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Malicious |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **want** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Pivot clause=Theme |
| 3 | **hurt** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn hurt-40.8.3-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer someone=Patient |
| 4 | **do** | infinitive |  | harm |  | purpose |  |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent harm=Eventuality |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A malicious act, word or rumour is one meant to harm or upset someone.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:m2:1
# text = A malicious act, word or rumour is one meant to harm or upset someone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
5	word	word	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	appos	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	rumour	rumour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	conj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
9	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	0	root	_	_
10	meant	mean	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	9	acl	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	harm	harm	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	10	xcomp	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	upset	upset	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
15	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a malicious act or rumour | one |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **mean** | participle |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **harm** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 4 | **upset** | infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus someone=Experiencer |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: computers — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Malicious software or a malicious link is made to damage a computer or steal information.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:m3:1
# text = Malicious software or a malicious link is made to damage a computer or steal information.
1	Malicious	Malicious	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	software	software	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	link	link	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
7	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	aux:pass	_	_
8	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
9	to	to	PART	TO	_	10	mark	_	_
10	damage	damage	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
11	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	computer	computer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obj	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	steal	steal	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	conj	_	_
15	information	information	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive |  | Malicious software or a malicious link |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **damage** | to-infinitive | Malicious software or a malicious link *not said here* | a computer |  |  |  |  | vn destroy-44 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent computer=Patient |
| 3 | **steal** | present |  | information |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location information=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The witch gave a malicious smile and locked the door.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:x1:1
# text = The witch gave a malicious smile and locked the door.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	witch	witch	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	smile	smile	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	locked	lock	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	door	door	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the witch | a malicious smile |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent smile=Theme |
| 2 | **lock** | past | the witch *not said here* | the door |  |  |  |  | vn tape-22.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent door=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Someone spread a malicious rumour that Tom had cheated.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:x2:1
# text = Someone spread a malicious rumour that Tom had cheated.
1	Someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spread	spread	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	rumour	rumour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	9	mark	_	_
7	Tom	Tom	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	9	nsubj:pass	_	_
8	had	have	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	cheated	cheat	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	5	acl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | past | Someone | a malicious rumour |  |  |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location rumour=Theme |
| 2 | **cheat** | past · perfect · passive | a malicious rumour *not said here* | Tom |  |  |  |  | vn cheat-10.6.1 «NP V NP»: subject=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't open emails from strangers; they may contain malicious links.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:x3:1
# text = Don't open emails from strangers; they may contain malicious links.
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	open	open	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	emails	email	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	strangers	stranger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	;	;	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
8	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
9	may	may	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
10	contain	contain	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
11	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	links	link	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **open** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | emails |  | strangers |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location email=Theme |
| 2 | **contain** | may | emails *= email* | malicious links |  |  |  |  | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot link=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The website was attacked by malicious software.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:x4:1
# text = The website was attacked by malicious software.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	website	website	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	attacked	attack	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	by	by	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	software	software	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **attack** | past · passive | malicious software | the website |  |  |  |  | vn attack-60.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent subject=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
It was an accident, not a malicious act.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:x5:1
# text = It was an accident, not a malicious act.
1	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	nsubj	_	_
2	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	accident	accident	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
6	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	9	advmod	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	act	act	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | It | a accident |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
(formal) The court found that the damage to the car was malicious.

<!-- fold The tree, 12 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:x6:1
# text = (formal) The court found that the damage to the car was malicious.
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	formal	formal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
4	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	court	court	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	found	find	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	that	that	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	damage	damage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
10	to	to	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	_
13	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	cop	_	_
14	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | past | formal |  |  |  |  |  | vn declare-29.4-1-1 «NP V what S\_INF»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | past | the damage to the car |  |  |  |  | malicious *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Her malicious comments made the new girl cry.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:x7:1
# text = Her malicious comments made the new girl cry.
1	Her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	comments	comment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	new	new	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	girl	girl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	cry	cry	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | Her malicious comments | the new girl cry |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset cry=Product |
| 2 | **comment** |  | Her *= she* |  |  |  |  |  | nom comment «communication transitive»: poss=agent |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Their only neighbor was a bad and malicious badger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:malicious:x8:1
# text = Their only neighbor was a bad and malicious badger.
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	3	nmod:poss	_	_
2	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	neighbor	neighbor	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
4	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
6	bad	bad	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
7	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
8	malicious	malicious	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	conj	_	_
9	badger	badger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | past | Their only neighbor | a bad badger |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
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