---
title: mandible — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «mandible» in the school dictionary: The mandible is the lower jawbone. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# mandible

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** mandible, Mandibles, skull, Ants, stag beetle, dentist · **What happens:** be, bite, move, carry, have, look · **To what, where:** lower jawbone, biting mouthparts, two parts, only bone, skull, leaves

<!-- .vabout -->
«mandible» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [mandible in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/mandible.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mandible is the lower jawbone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:m1:1
# text = The mandible is the lower jawbone.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mandible	mandible	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	6	amod	_	_
6	jawbone	jawbone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the mandible | the lower jawbone |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mandibles are the biting mouthparts of insects such as ants and beetles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:m2:1
# text = Mandibles are the biting mouthparts of insects such as ants and beetles.
1	Mandibles	mandible	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	biting	bite	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	5	amod	_	_
5	mouthparts	mouthpart	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	insects	insect	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	10	case	_	_
9	as	as	ADP	IN	_	8	fixed	_	_
10	ants	ant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nmod	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	beetles	beetle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bite** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Mandibles | the biting mouthparts |  |  |  | of insects such ants and beetles | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In birds, the mandibles are the two parts of the beak.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:m3:1
# text = In birds, the mandibles are the two parts of the beak.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	birds	bird	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	mandibles	mandible	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	nsubj	_	_
6	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	two	two	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	9	nummod	_	_
9	parts	part	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
10	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
12	beak	beak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the mandibles | the two parts |  |  |  | of the beak | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mandible is the only bone in the skull that moves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:x1:1
# text = The mandible is the only bone in the skull that moves.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mandible	mandible	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	only	only	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	bone	bone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	skull	skull	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	_
10	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	11	nsubj	_	_
11	moves	move	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	acl:relcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the mandible | the only bone |  | the skull |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **move** | present | the skull |  |  |  |  |  | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Ants carry leaves in their mandibles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:x2:1
# text = Ants carry leaves in their mandibles.
1	Ants	ant	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	carry	carry	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	leaves	leaf	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	in	in	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	mandibles	mandible	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | Ants | leaves |  | Ants's mandibles |  |  | vn fit-54.3 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent leaf=Value in mandible=Location |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The stag beetle has huge mandibles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:x3:1
# text = The stag beetle has huge mandibles.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	stag	stag	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	beetle	beetle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	huge	huge	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	mandibles	mandible	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the stag beetle | huge mandibles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mandible=Patient |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dentist looked at an X-ray of my mandible.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:x4:1
# text = The dentist looked at an X-ray of my mandible.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dentist	dentist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	X	x	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	6	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	ray	ray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
9	of	of	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
10	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	11	nmod:poss	_	_
11	mandible	mandible	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | past | the dentist |  |  |  |  | at a X ray of my mandible | vn peer-30.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent at ray=Theme |
| 2 | **ray** |  |  | my mandible |  |  |  |  | nom ray «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A parrot's lower mandible fits inside its upper one.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:x5:1
# text = A parrot's lower mandible fits inside its upper one.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	parrot	parrot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	's	PART	POS	_	2	case	_	_
4	lower	low	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	5	amod	_	_
5	mandible	mandible	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
6	fits	fit	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	10	nmod:poss	_	_
9	upper	upper	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	one	one	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fit** | present | a parrot's lower mandible |  |  |  |  | inside mandible's upper one | vn funnel-9.3-1 «NP V NP PP.trajectory»: agent=Agent inside one=Trajectory |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The fossil had a strong mandible with sharp teeth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mandible:x6:1
# text = The fossil had a strong mandible with sharp teeth.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	fossil	fossil	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	strong	strong	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	mandible	mandible	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	with	with	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	sharp	sharp	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	teeth	tooth	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | the fossil | a strong mandible |  |  |  | with sharp teeth | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent mandible=Patient |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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