---
title: mantle — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «mantle» in the school dictionary: In science, the mantle is the thick hot layer of rock inside the Earth, between the crust and the core. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# mantle

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** mantle, that, Rock, queen, She, Heat · **What happens:** be, pass, take, lie, move, cover · **To what, where:** thick hot layer, science, duty, mantle, loose cloak, covering · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«mantle» in the school dictionary: its 4 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [mantle in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/mantle.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In science, the mantle is the thick hot layer of rock inside the Earth, between the crust and the core.

<!-- fold The tree, 20 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:m1:1
# text = In science, the mantle is the thick hot layer of rock inside the Earth, between the crust and the core.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	2	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nsubj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	cop	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
8	thick	thick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
9	hot	hot	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	layer	layer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
11	of	of	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
12	rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
13	inside	inside	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
17	between	between	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
18	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	conj	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	22	cc	_	_
21	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	22	det	_	_
22	core	core	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
23	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	10	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | the mantle | the thick hot layer and the crust and the core |  | science |  | of rock inside the Earth | tree rules |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A mantle is a duty or important role that passes from one person to another, as in «take on the mantle».

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:m2:1
# text = A mantle is a duty or important role that passes from one person to another, as in «take on the mantle».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	duty	duty	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	important	important	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	role	role	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	_
9	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	10	nsubj	_	_
10	passes	pass	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	parataxis	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	obl	_	_
14	to	to	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	20	punct	_	_
17	as	as	SCONJ	IN	_	20	mark	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	17	fixed	_	_
19	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	take	take	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	10	parataxis	_	_
21	on	on	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a mantle | a duty or important role |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **pass** | present | that |  |  |  |  | from one person; to another | tree rules |
| 3 | **take** *in a quote* | infinitive |  |  |  | the mantle |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on mantle=Destination |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: old — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A mantle is a loose cloak without sleeves.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:m3:1
# text = A mantle is a loose cloak without sleeves.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	loose	loose	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	cloak	cloak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	without	without	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	sleeves	sleeve	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a mantle | a loose cloak |  |  |  | without sleeves | tree rules |

## Meaning 4 {#m4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A mantle can be a covering of something, like «a mantle of snow».

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:m4:1
# text = A mantle can be a covering of something, like «a mantle of snow».
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
4	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	covering	covering	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	like	like	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
11	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
14	of	of	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
15	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	13	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | can | a mantle | a covering |  |  |  | of something | tree rules |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mantle lies under the Earth's crust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x1:1
# text = The mantle lies under the Earth's crust.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lies	lie	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	under	under	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	's	's	PART	POS	_	6	case	_	_
8	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **lie** | present | the mantle |  |  | the Earth's crust |  |  | vn assuming\_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent under crust=Location |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Rock in the mantle moves very slowly.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x2:1
# text = Rock in the mantle moves very slowly.
1	Rock	rock	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	moves	move	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	very	very	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	slowly	slowly	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **move** | present | Rock in the mantle |  |  |  |  | slowly *property* | vn roll-51.3.1 «NP.theme V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The mantle is much thicker than the crust.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x3:1
# text = The mantle is much thicker than the crust.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	much	much	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	thicker	thick	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	0	root	_	_
6	than	than	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	crust	crust	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | the mantle |  |  |  |  | than the crust; thick *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A mantle of snow covered the hills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x4:1
# text = A mantle of snow covered the hills.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	snow	snow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	covered	cover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cover** | past | a mantle of snow | the hills |  |  |  |  | vn fill-9.8-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Theme hill=Destination |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The queen wore a red velvet mantle. (old)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The queen wore a red velvet mantle.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x5:1
# text = The queen wore a red velvet mantle.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	queen	queen	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	velvet	velvet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | the queen | a red velvet mantle |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent mantle=Source |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (old)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x5:2
# text = (old)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She took on the mantle of team captain.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x6:1
# text = She took on the mantle of team captain.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	took	take	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	on	on	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	team	team	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	captain	captain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **take** | past | She |  |  | the mantle of team captain |  |  | vn bring-11.3 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent on mantle=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Heat from the mantle helps push the plates.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x7:1
# text = Heat from the mantle helps push the plates.
1	Heat	heat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
2	from	from	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
5	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	push	push	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	plates	plate	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Heat from the mantle |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **push** | infinitive | Heat from the mantle *not said here* | the plates |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent plate=Theme |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
"It's like a green silk mantle worked with flowers," said the Princess, smiling.

<!-- fold The tree, 14 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mantle:x8:1
# text = "It's like a green silk mantle worked with flowers," said the Princess, smiling.
1	"	"	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	It	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
4	like	like	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
6	green	green	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	silk	silk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	mantle	mantle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
9	worked	work	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
11	flowers	flower	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	"	"	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	_
14	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	Princess	Princess	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	18	punct	_	_
18	smiling	smile	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	14	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	14	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** *in a quote* | present | It |  |  |  |  | like a green silk mantle | tree rules |
| 2 | **work** *in a quote* | participle |  | a green silk mantle *not said here* |  |  |  | with flowers | vn cooperate-73.1-3 «NP V PP.co-agent PP.theme»: agent=Agent with flower=Co-Agent |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | the Princess |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **smile** | gerund | the Princess *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn manner\_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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