---
title: manual — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «manual» in the school dictionary: Manual means done by hand or by a person's effort, not by a machine: «manual work». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# manual

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Manual, instructions, manual car, driver, hand, you · **What happens:** mean, do, be, tell, use, fix · **To what, where:** book, you, something, gears, stick shift, manual · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«manual» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 6 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [manual in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/manual.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Manual means done by hand or by a person's effort, not by a machine: «manual work».

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:m1:1
# text = Manual means done by hand or by a person's effort, not by a machine: «manual work».
1	Manual	manual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	done	do	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	xcomp	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
6	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	11	cc	_	_
7	by	by	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	's	's	PART	POS	_	9	case	_	_
11	effort	effort	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	16	punct	_	_
13	not	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	16	advmod	_	_
14	by	by	ADP	IN	_	16	case	_	_
15	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	machine	machine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	20	punct	_	_
18	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	manual	manual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	20	amod	_	_
20	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	20	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Manual |  |  |  |  |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 2 | **do** *not said to happen* | participle | Manual *not said here* |  |  |  |  | by hand or a person's effort and a machine | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A manual is a book of instructions telling you how to use or fix something.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:m2:1
# text = A manual is a book of instructions telling you how to use or fix something.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	manual	manual	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	book	book	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	instructions	instruction	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
8	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	acl	_	_
9	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	8	iobj	_	_
10	how	how	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	12	advmod	_	_
11	to	to	PART	TO	_	12	mark	_	_
12	use	use	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	xcomp	_	_
13	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
14	fix	fix	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	12	conj	_	_
15	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	14	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | a manual | a book |  |  |  | of instructions | tree rules |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | gerund | instructions *not said here* |  | you |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent you=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **use** *not said to happen* | to-infinitive | instructions *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **fix** | infinitive | instructions *not said here* | something |  |  |  |  | vn shake-22.3-2 «NP V NP together»: agent=Agent something=Patient |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A manual car has gears the driver changes by hand (called a «stick shift» in the US).

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:m3:1
# text = A manual car has gears the driver changes by hand (called a «stick shift» in the US).
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	manual	manual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	gears	gear	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	driver	driver	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
8	changes	change	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	parataxis	_	_
9	by	by	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obl	_	_
11	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	called	call	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	10	acl	_	_
13	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
14	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	16	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	stick	stick	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	compound	_	_
16	shift	shift	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	16	punct	_	_
18	in	in	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
19	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	20	det	_	_
20	US	US	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	16	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
22	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | a manual car | gears |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent gear=Patient |
| 2 | **change** | present | the driver |  |  |  |  | by hand | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 3 | **call** | participle | hand *not said here* | a stick shift in the US |  |  |  |  | vn initiate\_communication-37.4.2-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Read the manual before using the drill.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:x1:1
# text = Read the manual before using the drill.
1	Read	read	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	manual	manual	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	5	mark	_	_
5	using	use	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	advcl	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	drill	drill	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **read** | imperative | you *not said here* | the manual |  |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent manual=Topic |
| 2 | **use** | gerund | you *not said here* | the drill |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent drill=Patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Building a wall is hard manual work.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:x2:1
# text = Building a wall is hard manual work.
1	Building	build	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	wall	wall	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
5	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	manual	manual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **build** | gerund |  | a wall |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset wall=Product |
| 2 | **is a** | present | Building | hard manual work |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad drives a manual car.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:x3:1
# text = Dad drives a manual car.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	drives	drive	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	manual	manual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	car	car	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **drive** | present | Dad | a manual car |  |  |  |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V NP.location»: agent=Agent car=Location |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The game came with a thin manual.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:x4:1
# text = The game came with a thin manual.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	game	game	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	thin	thin	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	manual	manual	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come** | past | the game |  |  |  |  | with a thin manual | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
You can switch the camera to manual mode.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:x5:1
# text = You can switch the camera to manual mode.
1	You	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Person=2|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	_
2	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	switch	switch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	camera	camera	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	manual	manual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	mode	mode	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **switch** | can | You | the camera |  |  |  | to manual mode *result* | vn convert-26.6.2-1-1 «NP V NP S\_ING»: agent=Agent camera=Patient to mode=Result |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Farm work used to be mostly manual.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:manual:x6:1
# text = Farm work used to be mostly manual.
1	Farm	farm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	work	work	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	used	use	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
5	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	7	cop	_	_
6	mostly	mostly	ADV	RB	_	7	advmod	_	_
7	manual	manual	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past | Farm work |  |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | to-infinitive | Farm work *not said here* |  |  |  |  | manual, mostly *property* | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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