---
title: massage — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «massage» in the school dictionary: A massage is rubbing and pressing someone's body with your hands to relax the muscles or ease pain. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# massage

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** massage, Mum, physio, tight muscles, She, boss · **What happens:** rub, press, relax, massage, be, look · **To what, where:** body, muscles, someone, them, numbers, foot massage

<!-- .vabout -->
«massage» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [massage in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/massage.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A massage is rubbing and pressing someone's body with your hands to relax the muscles or ease pain.

<!-- fold The tree, 19 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:m1:1
# text = A massage is rubbing and pressing someone's body with your hands to relax the muscles or ease pain.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	massage	massage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	rubbing	rub	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	pressing	press	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	4	conj	_	_
7	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	9	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	's	's	PART	POS	_	7	case	_	_
9	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	_
10	with	with	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
11	your	your	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Person=2|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	12	nmod:poss	_	_
12	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obl	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	relax	relax	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	advcl	_	_
15	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
16	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
17	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
18	ease	ease	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	compound	_	_
19	pain	pain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **rub** | present · progressive | a massage |  |  |  |  |  | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **press** | gerund | a massage *not said here* | someone's body |  |  |  | with your hands | vn push-12-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent body=Theme |
| 3 | **relax** | to-infinitive | a massage *not said here* | the muscles or ease pain |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus muscle=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To massage someone is to give them a massage.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:m2:1
# text = To massage someone is to give them a massage.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	massage	massage	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	6	csubj	_	_
3	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	2	obj	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	to	to	PART	TO	_	6	mark	_	_
6	give	give	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	6	iobj	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	massage	massage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **massage** | to-infinitive |  | someone |  |  |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent someone=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  | them *= they* |  |  | give *property* | tree rules |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, negative — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To massage numbers or facts is to change them a little dishonestly to look better.

<!-- fold The tree, 15 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:m3:1
# text = To massage numbers or facts is to change them a little dishonestly to look better.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	massage	massage	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
3	numbers	number	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	facts	fact	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	to	to	PART	TO	_	8	mark	_	_
8	change	change	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
9	them	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	8	obj	_	_
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	little	little	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	dishonestly	dishonestly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	obj	_	_
13	to	to	PART	TO	_	14	mark	_	_
14	look	look	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	8	advcl	_	_
15	better	good	ADJ	JJR	Degree=Cmp	14	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **massage** | to-infinitive |  | numbers or facts |  |  |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent number=Experiencer |
| 2 | **is** | present |  |  |  |  |  | change *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **look** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | good *property* | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V ADJ»: agent=Stimulus |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mum gave me a foot massage after the long walk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:x1:1
# text = Mum gave me a foot massage after the long walk.
1	Mum	mum	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	iobj	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	foot	foot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	compound	_	_
6	massage	massage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
7	after	after	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	10	amod	_	_
10	walk	walk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | Mum | a foot massage | me |  | after the long walk |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent i=Recipient massage=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The physio massaged the footballer's leg.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:x2:1
# text = The physio massaged the footballer's leg.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	physio	physio	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	massaged	massage	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	footballer	footballer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	's	's	PART	POS	_	5	case	_	_
7	leg	leg	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **massage** | past | the physio | the footballer's leg |  |  |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent leg=Experiencer |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A massage can help tight muscles relax.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:x3:1
# text = A massage can help tight muscles relax.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	massage	massage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	_
4	help	help	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
5	tight	tight	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	muscles	muscle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	relax	relax	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | can | a massage | tight muscles |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent muscle=Beneficiary clause=Theme |
| 2 | **relax** | infinitive | tight muscles *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
She massaged cream into her hands.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:x4:1
# text = She massaged cream into her hands.
1	She	she	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	massaged	massage	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	cream	cream	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	her	her	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	6	nmod:poss	_	_
6	hands	hand	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **massage** | past | She | cream |  | her hands |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent cream=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The boss massaged the figures to hide the loss. (informal)

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* The boss massaged the figures to hide the loss.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:x5:1
# text = The boss massaged the figures to hide the loss.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	boss	boss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	massaged	massage	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	figures	figure	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	hide	hide	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	advcl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	loss	loss	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **massage** | past | the boss | the figures |  |  |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent figure=Experiencer |
| 2 | **hide** | to-infinitive | the boss *not said here* | the loss |  |  |  |  | vn concealment-16-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent loss=Patient |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* (informal)

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:x5:2
# text = (informal)
1	(	(	PUNCT	-LRB-	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	informal	informal	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	)	)	PUNCT	-RRB-	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The massage lasted 30 minutes and cost £25.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:x6:1
# text = The massage lasted 30 minutes and cost £25.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	massage	massage	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	lasted	last	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	30	30	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	5	nummod	_	_
5	minutes	minute	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	7	cc	_	_
7	cost	cost	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	conj	_	_
8	£	£	SYM	$	_	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	25	25	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	8	nummod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **last** | past | the massage |  |  |  | minute |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **cost** | present | the massage *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn cost-54.2 «NP V NP.value»: agent=Theme £=Value |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Dad massaged his sore neck.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:massage:x7:1
# text = Dad massaged his sore neck.
1	Dad	dad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	massaged	massage	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	his	his	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	5	nmod:poss	_	_
4	sore	sore	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	neck	neck	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **massage** | past | Dad | Dad's sore neck |  |  |  |  | vn touch-20-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent neck=Experiencer |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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