---
title: measles — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «measles» in the school dictionary: An illness caused by a virus that spreads very easily; it gives a high fever, a cough, red eyes and a red, blotchy rash all over the body. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# measles

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** virus, illness, grandad, Measles, MMR vaccine, outbreak · **What happens:** cause, spread, give, have, be, protect · **To what, where:** illness, high fever, body, measles, boy, red spotty rash

<!-- .vabout -->
«measles» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [measles in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/measles.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An illness caused by a virus that spreads very easily; it gives a high fever, a cough, red eyes and a red, blotchy rash all over the body.

<!-- fold The tree, 28 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:m1:1
# text = An illness caused by a virus that spreads very easily; it gives a high fever, a cough, red eyes and a red, blotchy rash all over the body.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	illness	illness	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	nsubj	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	2	acl	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	8	nsubj	_	_
8	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl:relcl	_	_
9	very	very	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	easily	easily	ADV	RB	_	8	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
12	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	13	nsubj	_	_
13	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
14	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	16	det	_	_
15	high	high	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	16	amod	_	_
16	fever	fever	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
17	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	19	punct	_	_
18	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
19	cough	cough	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	22	amod	_	_
22	eyes	eye	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	16	conj	_	_
23	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	28	cc	_	_
24	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	28	det	_	_
25	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
27	blotchy	blotchy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	28	amod	_	_
28	rash	rash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	16	conj	_	_
29	all	all	ADV	RB	_	32	advmod	_	_
30	over	over	ADP	IN	_	32	case	_	_
31	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	32	det	_	_
32	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
33	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	13	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  | a illness *not said here* |  |  |  | by a virus | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |
| 2 | **spread** | present | a virus |  |  |  |  | easily *property* | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 3 | **give** | present | a illness | a high fever and a cough and red eyes and a red blotchy rash |  | the body |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fever=Theme |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
My grandad had measles when he was a boy.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:x1:1
# text = My grandad had measles when he was a boy.
1	My	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	grandad	grandad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	measles	measle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
6	he	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	9	nsubj	_	_
7	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	cop	_	_
8	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	boy	boy	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | My grandad | measles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent measle=Patient |
| 2 | **is a** | past | grandad | a boy |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Measles gives you a red, spotty rash.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:x2:1
# text = Measles gives you a red, spotty rash.
1	Measles	measle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	gives	give	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	2	iobj	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
5	red	red	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
7	spotty	spotty	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	rash	rash	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | present | Measles | a red spotty rash | you |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent you=Recipient rash=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The MMR vaccine protects you against measles.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:x3:1
# text = The MMR vaccine protects you against measles.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	MMR	MMR	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	vaccine	vaccine	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	protects	protect	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	4	obj	_	_
6	against	against	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	measles	measle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **protect** | present | the MMR vaccine |  | you |  |  | against measles | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent you=Beneficiary against measle=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Measles spreads through coughs and sneezes.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:x4:1
# text = Measles spreads through coughs and sneezes.
1	Measles	measle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	spreads	spread	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	through	through	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	coughs	cough	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	sneezes	sneeze	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **spread** | present | Measles |  |  | coughs and sneezes |  |  | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through cough=Location |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
There was an outbreak of measles in the town.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:x5:1
# text = There was an outbreak of measles in the town.
1	There	there	PRON	EX	PronType=Dem	2	expl	_	_
2	was	be	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	an	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	outbreak	outbreak	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	measles	measle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **be** | past | a outbreak of measles in the town |  |  | there |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A child with measles must stay at home.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:x6:1
# text = A child with measles must stay at home.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	child	child	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	measles	measle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	must	must	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	stay	stay	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	_
7	at	at	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	home	home	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **stay** | must | a child with measles |  |  | home |  |  | vn exist-47.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme at home=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Measles is caused by a virus.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:x7:1
# text = Measles is caused by a virus.
1	Measles	measle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	virus	virus	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | present · passive | a virus | Measles |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition subject=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cowslip, during the autumn, had either the measles, or some eruption that looked very much like it, but was hardly sick a day.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:measles:x8:1
# text = Cowslip, during the autumn, had either the measles, or some eruption that looked very much like it, but was hardly sick a day.
1	Cowslip	cowslip	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
3	during	during	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	autumn	autumn	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
7	had	have	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	either	either	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc:preconj	_	_
9	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	measles	measle	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	14	punct	_	_
12	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	14	cc	_	_
13	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	14	det	_	_
14	eruption	eruption	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	_
15	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	16	nsubj	_	_
16	looked	look	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	14	acl:relcl	_	_
17	very	very	ADV	RB	_	18	advmod	_	_
18	much	much	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
19	like	like	ADP	IN	_	20	case	_	_
20	it	it	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	16	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
21	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	25	punct	_	_
22	but	but	CCONJ	CC	_	25	cc	_	_
23	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	25	cop	_	_
24	hardly	hardly	ADV	RB	_	25	advmod	_	_
25	sick	sick	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	parataxis	_	_
26	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	27	det	_	_
27	day	day	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	25	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
28	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | past | Cowslip and the autumn | the measles |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent measle=Patient |
| 2 | **look** | past | some eruption |  |  |  |  | like eruption | vn stimulus\_subject-30.4 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Stimulus |
| 3 | **is** | past |  |  |  |  | day | hardly, sick *property* | tree rules |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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