---
title: mediaeval — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «mediaeval» in the school dictionary: From or to do with the Middle Ages, the time in Europe from about 500 to 1500 AD. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# mediaeval

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** We, Mediaeval knights, most people, Black Death, town, Monks · **What happens:** do, visit, wear, work, kill, have · **To what, where:** 500 AD, mediaeval castle, Wales, heavy armour, many people, mediaeval

<!-- .vabout -->
«mediaeval» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [mediaeval in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/mediaeval.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: history — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
From or to do with the Middle Ages, the time in Europe from about 500 to 1500 AD.

<!-- fold The tree, 18 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:m1:1
# text = From or to do with the Middle Ages, the time in Europe from about 500 to 1500 AD.
1	From	from	SCONJ	IN	_	4	mark	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Middle	Middle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	flat	_	_
8	Ages	Age	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	11	punct	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	11	det	_	_
11	time	time	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl:unmarked	_	_
12	in	in	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
13	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	11	nmod	_	_
14	from	from	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
15	about	about	ADV	RB	_	16	advmod	_	_
16	500	500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	19	nummod	_	_
17	to	to	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
18	1500	1500	NUM	CD	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	16	nmod	_	_
19	AD	ad	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  | 500 AD | with the Middle Ages; time |  | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: informal, negative — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Very old-fashioned or cruel, as in «mediaeval punishments».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:m2:1
# text = Very old-fashioned or cruel, as in «mediaeval punishments».
1	Very	very	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
2	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	cruel	cruel	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
8	as	as	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	12	case	_	_
10	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	compound	_	_
12	punishments	punishment	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We visited a mediaeval castle in Wales.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:x1:1
# text = We visited a mediaeval castle in Wales.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	visited	visit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	compound	_	_
5	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Wales	Wales	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	5	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | past | We | a mediaeval castle |  | Wales |  |  | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent castle=Co-Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mediaeval knights wore heavy armour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:x2:1
# text = Mediaeval knights wore heavy armour.
1	Mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	armour	armour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | Mediaeval knights | heavy armour |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent armour=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In mediaeval times, most people worked on farms.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:x3:1
# text = In mediaeval times, most people worked on farms.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	most	most	ADJ	JJS	Degree=Sup	6	amod	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	nsubj	_	_
7	worked	work	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	farms	farm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **work** | past | most people |  |  |  | time | on farms | vn employment-95.3 «NP V PP.theme»: agent=Agent on farm=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Black Death killed many people in mediaeval Europe.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:x4:1
# text = The Black Death killed many people in mediaeval Europe.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Black	black	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	amod	_	_
3	Death	Death	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	killed	kill	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	many	many	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
9	Europe	Europe	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **kill** | past | the Black Death | many people |  | mediaeval |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The town still has its mediaeval walls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:x5:1
# text = The town still has its mediaeval walls.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	still	still	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the town | town's mediaeval walls |  |  | still |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wall=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Monks copied books by hand in mediaeval monasteries.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:x6:1
# text = Monks copied books by hand in mediaeval monasteries.
1	Monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	copied	copy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	monasteries	monastery	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | participle | Monks *not said here* | books |  | mediaeval monasteries |  | by hand | vn scribble-25.2 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent book=Theme in monastery=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
«Sending kids to bed with no phone? That's mediaeval!» joked my brother.

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 1:* «Sending kids to bed with no phone?

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:x7:1
# text = «Sending kids to bed with no phone?
1	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	2	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	Sending	send	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
3	kids	kid	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	to	to	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	bed	bed	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	no	no	DET	DT	PronType=Neg	8	det	_	_
8	phone	phone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	?	?	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** *in a quote* | gerund |  | kids |  | bed |  | with no phone | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent kid=Theme to bed=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
*Sentence 2:* That's mediaeval!» joked my brother.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:mediaeval:x7:2
# text = That's mediaeval!» joked my brother.
1	That	that	DET	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	3	det	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	's	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	cop	_	_
3	mediaeval	mediaeval	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	3	punct	_	_
6	joked	joke	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
7	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	8	nmod:poss	_	_
8	brother	brother	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present |  | that mediaeval |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **joke** *speech: other* *in a quote* | past | that mediaeval | my brother |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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