---
title: medieval — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «medieval» in the school dictionary: Medieval means from or about the Middle Ages, the long period in European history after the Roman times and before the modern age. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# medieval

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Medieval, We, Medieval knights, Life, town, Monks · **What happens:** mean, visit, wear, be, have, copy · **To what, where:** Middle Ages, medieval castle, heavy armour, medieval walls, books, medieval banquet

<!-- .vabout -->
«medieval» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [medieval in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/medieval.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Medieval means from or about the Middle Ages, the long period in European history after the Roman times and before the modern age.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:m1:1
# text = Medieval means from or about the Middle Ages, the long period in European history after the Roman times and before the modern age.
1	Medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	nsubj	_	_
2	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	from	from	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
4	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
5	about	about	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	Middle	Middle	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	8	flat	_	_
8	Ages	Age	PROPN	NNPS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
10	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	long	long	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	12	amod	_	_
12	period	period	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	appos	_	_
13	in	in	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
14	European	European	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	history	history	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nmod	_	_
16	after	after	ADP	IN	_	19	case	_	_
17	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	19	det	_	_
18	Roman	roman	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	19	amod	_	_
19	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	12	nmod	_	_
20	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	24	cc	_	_
21	before	before	ADP	IN	_	24	case	_	_
22	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	24	det	_	_
23	modern	modern	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	24	amod	_	_
24	age	age	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	19	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
25	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | Medieval |  |  |  | from the Middle Ages |  | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Informally, medieval means very old-fashioned or cruel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:m2:1
# text = Informally, medieval means very old-fashioned or cruel.
1	Informally	informally	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	1	punct	_	_
3	medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	nsubj	_	_
4	means	mean	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	very	very	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	old	old	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	-	-	PUNCT	HYPH	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	fashioned	fashioned	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	ccomp	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	cruel	cruel	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **mean** | present | medieval |  |  |  |  | informally *property* | vn intend-61.2-1 «NP V S»: agent=Agent |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
We visited a medieval castle with a moat.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:x1:1
# text = We visited a medieval castle with a moat.
1	We	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	visited	visit	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
4	medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	castle	castle	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	moat	moat	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **visit** | past | We | a medieval castle |  |  |  | with a moat | vn meet-36.3-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent castle=Co-Agent |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Medieval knights wore heavy armour.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:x2:1
# text = Medieval knights wore heavy armour.
1	Medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	knights	knight	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wore	wear	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	heavy	heavy	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	5	amod	_	_
5	armour	armour	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wear** | past | Medieval knights | heavy armour |  |  |  |  | vn wipe\_manner-10.4.1-1 «NP V NP.source»: agent=Agent armour=Source |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Life in medieval villages was hard.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:x3:1
# text = Life in medieval villages was hard.
1	Life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	villages	village	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	nmod	_	_
5	was	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
6	hard	hard	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | past | Life in medieval villages |  |  |  |  | hard *property* | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The town still has its medieval walls.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:x4:1
# text = The town still has its medieval walls.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	town	town	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
3	still	still	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	its	its	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	7	nmod:poss	_	_
6	medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	walls	wall	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | the town | town's medieval walls |  |  | still |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent wall=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Monks copied books by hand in medieval times.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:x5:1
# text = Monks copied books by hand in medieval times.
1	Monks	monk	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
2	copied	copy	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	1	acl	_	_
3	books	book	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
5	hand	hand	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	times	time	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **copy** | participle | Monks *not said here* | books |  |  | time | by hand | vn transcribe-25.4 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent book=Theme by hand=Destination |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class held a medieval banquet.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:x6:1
# text = Our class held a medieval banquet.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	held	hold	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	banquet	banquet	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hold** | past | Our class | a medieval banquet |  |  |  |  | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent banquet=Theme |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Their rules are positively medieval!

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:medieval:x7:1
# text = Their rules are positively medieval!
1	Their	their	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=3|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	rules	rule	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
4	positively	positively	ADV	RB	_	5	advmod	_	_
5	medieval	medieval	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Their rules |  |  |  |  | medieval, positively *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **rule** |  | Their *= they* |  |  |  |  |  | nom rule «cognition intransitive»: poss=agent |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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