---
title: menacing — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «menacing» in the school dictionary: Seeming likely to cause harm; threatening: «a menacing look». Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# menacing

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Seeming, dog, Menacing clouds, Mole, bully, weasels · **What happens:** seem, cause, threaten, menace, put, give · **To what, where:** harm, someone, menacing growl, hills, faces, Wild Wood

<!-- .vabout -->
«menacing» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [menacing in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/menacing.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Seeming likely to cause harm; threatening: «a menacing look».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:m1:1
# text = Seeming likely to cause harm; threatening: «a menacing look».
1	Seeming	seem	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	csubj	_	_
2	likely	likely	ADV	RB	_	1	advmod	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	cause	cause	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	1	advcl	_	_
5	harm	harm	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	;	;	PUNCT	,	_	7	punct	_	_
7	threatening	threaten	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	7	punct	_	_
9	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	12	det	_	_
11	menacing	menace	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	12	amod	_	_
12	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	12	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **seem** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  | likely *property* | vn seem-109-1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **cause** | to-infinitive |  | harm |  |  |  |  | vn engender-27.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition harm=Patient |
| 3 | **threaten** | gerund | Seeming |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 4 | **menace** *in a quote* | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: verb — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Threatening or putting someone or something in danger.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:m2:1
# text = Threatening or putting someone or something in danger.
1	Threatening	threaten	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
2	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	3	cc	_	_
3	putting	put	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	1	conj	_	_
4	someone	someone	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	3	obj	_	_
5	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	6	cc	_	_
6	something	something	PRON	NN	Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	4	conj	_	_
7	in	in	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	danger	danger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **threaten** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **put** | gerund |  |  | someone |  |  |  | vn invest-13.5.4-1 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent someone=Goal |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The dog gave a menacing growl.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:x1:1
# text = The dog gave a menacing growl.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	dog	dog	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
5	menacing	menace	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	6	amod	_	_
6	growl	growl	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the dog | a menacing growl |  |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent growl=Theme |
| 2 | **menace** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Menacing clouds gathered over the hills.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:x2:1
# text = Menacing clouds gathered over the hills.
1	Menacing	menace	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	amod	_	_
2	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gathered	gather	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	over	over	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	hills	hill	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **menace** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **gather** | past | Menacing clouds |  |  | the hills |  |  | vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Mole saw menacing faces in the Wild Wood.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:x3:1
# text = The Mole saw menacing faces in the Wild Wood.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	Mole	mole	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	menacing	menace	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	3	xcomp	_	_
5	faces	face	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	Wild	Wild	PROPN	NNP	_	9	flat	_	_
9	Wood	Wood	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **see** | past | the Mole |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 2 | **menace** | gerund | the Mole *not said here* | faces |  | the Wild Wood |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Stimulus face=Experiencer |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The bully gave him a menacing look.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:x4:1
# text = The bully gave him a menacing look.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	bully	bully	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	gave	give	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	3	iobj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
6	menacing	menace	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	amod	_	_
7	look	look	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **give** | past | the bully | a menacing look | him *= he* |  |  |  | vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent he=Recipient look=Theme |
| 2 | **menace** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The weasels came forward with menacing sticks.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:x5:1
# text = The weasels came forward with menacing sticks.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	weasels	weasel	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	came	come	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	forward	forward	ADV	RB	_	3	advmod	_	_
5	with	with	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	menacing	menacing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	compound	_	_
7	sticks	stick	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **come forward** | past | the weasels |  |  |  |  | with menacing sticks; forward *property* | vn escape-51.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A menacing silence fell over the room.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:x6:1
# text = A menacing silence fell over the room.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	menacing	menacing	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	silence	silence	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	fell	fall	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	over	over	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	room	room	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fall** | past | a menacing silence |  |  | the room |  |  | vn occur-48.3 «NP V PP»: agent=Theme over room=Location |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The cleric wrapped himself into himself, and became lean and menacing.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:menacing:x7:1
# text = The cleric wrapped himself into himself, and became lean and menacing.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cleric	cleric	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	wrapped	wrap	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	3	obj	_	_
5	into	into	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	himself	himself	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	9	punct	_	_
8	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	9	cc	_	_
9	became	become	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	3	parataxis	_	_
10	lean	lean	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	_
11	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
12	menacing	menace	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	10	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
13	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **wrap** | past | the cleric | cleric |  |  |  | into cleric | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP PP.destination»: agent=Agent himself=Theme into himself=Destination |
| 2 | **become** | past |  |  |  |  |  | lean *property* | vn become-109.1-1-1 «NP V PP.attribute»: agent=Patient |
| 3 | **menace** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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