---
title: messenger — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «messenger» in the school dictionary: A person who carries a message, letter or parcel from one person or place to another. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

<!-- md -->
[Mova](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/messenger/)

<!-- crumbs -->
[home](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [corpora](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/) / [dictionaries](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/) / [school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/) / [M](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/) / messenger

# messenger

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** person, app, substance, king, messenger, you · **What happens:** carry, send, ride, not shoot, tell, say · **To what, where:** message, another, text messages, signals, messenger, you · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«messenger» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 9 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [messenger in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/messenger.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A person who carries a message, letter or parcel from one person or place to another.

<!-- fold The tree, 16 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:m1:1
# text = A person who carries a message, letter or parcel from one person or place to another.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	message	message	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	8	punct	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	appos	_	_
9	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	10	cc	_	_
10	parcel	parcel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	_
11	from	from	ADP	IN	_	13	case	_	_
12	one	one	NUM	CD	NumForm=Word|NumType=Card	13	nummod	_	_
13	person	person	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	_
14	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
15	place	place	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	13	conj	_	_
16	to	to	ADP	IN	_	17	case	_	_
17	another	another	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | a person | a message |  | another |  | from one person or place | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP PP.initial\_location PP.destination»: agent=Agent message=Theme from person=Initial\_Location to another=Destination |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
An app or service for sending text messages.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:m2:1
# text = An app or service for sending text messages.
1	An	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	app	app	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	4	cc	_	_
4	service	service	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	_
5	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	6	mark	_	_
6	sending	send	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	2	acl	_	_
7	text	text	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	messages	message	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | gerund | a app or service *not said here* | text messages |  |  |  |  | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent message=Theme |

## Meaning 3 {#m3}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A substance in the body that carries signals, such as a hormone.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:m3:1
# text = A substance in the body that carries signals, such as a hormone.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	substance	substance	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	7	nsubj	_	_
7	carries	carry	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
8	signals	signal	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
10	such	such	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos|ExtPos=ADP	13	case	_	_
11	as	as	ADP	IN	_	10	fixed	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	13	det	_	_
13	hormone	hormone	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **carry** | present | a substance in the body | signals and a hormone |  |  |  |  | vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent signal=Theme |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The king sent a messenger with a letter.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x1:1
# text = The king sent a messenger with a letter.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	king	king	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	messenger	messenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	with	with	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	letter	letter	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | the king | a messenger |  |  |  | with a letter | vn confine-92-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent messenger=Theme |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The messenger rode through the night.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x2:1
# text = The messenger rode through the night.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	messenger	messenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	rode	ride	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	through	through	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	night	night	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **ride** | past | the messenger |  |  |  | night |  | vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Don't shoot the messenger — I'm only telling you what Mum said!

<!-- fold The tree, 13 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x3:1
# text = Don't shoot the messenger — I'm only telling you what Mum said!
1	Do	do	AUX	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	n't	not	PART	RB	Polarity=Neg	3	advmod	_	_
3	shoot	shoot	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	messenger	messenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
6	—	-	PUNCT	:	_	10	punct	_	_
7	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	'm	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	_
9	only	only	ADV	RB	_	10	advmod	_	_
10	telling	tell	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	3	conj	_	_
11	you	you	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Person=2|PronType=Prs	10	iobj	_	_
12	what	what	PRON	WP	PronType=Int	14	obj	_	_
13	Mum	Mum	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	14	nsubj	_	_
14	said	say	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	10	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
15	!	!	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **not** **shoot** | imperative · do-support | you *not said here* | the messenger |  |  |  |  | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent messenger=Theme |
| 2 | **tell** *speech: assert* | present · progressive | I |  | you |  |  |  | vn transfer\_mesg-37.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP what S»: agent=Agent you=Recipient clause=Topic |
| 3 | **say** *speech: assert* | past | Mum |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V NP.topic»: agent=Agent what=Topic |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A bike messenger delivered the parcel.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x4:1
# text = A bike messenger delivered the parcel.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	bike	bike	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	messenger	messenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	delivered	deliver	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	parcel	parcel	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **deliver** | past | a bike messenger | the parcel |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent parcel=Patient |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I sent Gran a photo on the messenger app.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x5:1
# text = I sent Gran a photo on the messenger app.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	2	nsubj	_	_
2	sent	send	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	Gran	Gran	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	photo	photo	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obj	_	_
6	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
8	messenger	messenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	compound	_	_
9	app	app	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **send** | past | I | a photo | Gran | the messenger app |  |  | vn send-11.1-1 «NP V NP-Dative NP»: agent=Agent gran=Destination photo=Theme |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Hormones are chemical messengers in the body.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x6:1
# text = Hormones are chemical messengers in the body.
1	Hormones	hormone	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	chemical	chemical	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	4	amod	_	_
4	messengers	messenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	0	root	_	_
5	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	body	body	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Hormones | chemical messengers |  | the body |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The teacher made me the messenger to the office.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x7:1
# text = The teacher made me the messenger to the office.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	teacher	teacher	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	me	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	obj	_	_
5	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	messenger	messenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
7	to	to	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	9	det	_	_
9	office	office	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | past | the teacher | the messenger | me |  |  | to the office | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP NP»: agent=Asset i=Beneficiary messenger=Product |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Pigeons were once used as messengers.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x8:1
# text = Pigeons were once used as messengers.
1	Pigeons	pigeon	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
3	once	once	ADV	RB	NumForm=Word|NumType=Mult	4	advmod	_	_
4	used	use	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	as	as	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	messengers	messenger	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | past · passive |  | Pigeons |  |  |  | as messengers; once *property* | vn spend\_time-104 «NP V NP PP.attribute»: subject=Duration as messenger=Attribute |

## Example 9 {#x9}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
This is a messenger from Heaven.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:messenger:x9:1
# text = This is a messenger from Heaven.
1	This	this	PRON	DT	Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	messenger	messenger	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	from	from	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
6	Heaven	Heaven	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | This | a messenger |  | Heaven |  |  | tree rules |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

<!-- pn -->
- ← previous: [messaging](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/messaging/)
- next →: [messiah](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/messiah/)
- ↑ back to [M in school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/dictionaries/school/M/)