---
title: meteorology — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «meteorology» in the school dictionary: The science of the weather and the atmosphere: studying air, temperature, wind, clouds and rain to understand and predict the weather. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# meteorology

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Meteorology, scientist, class weather station, Met Office, farmers, Satellites · **What happens:** study, understand, predict, be, use, forecast · **To what, where:** weather, science, meteorology, meteorologist, small start, storms · **Speech:** someone speaks here

<!-- .vabout -->
«meteorology» in the school dictionary: its meaning for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [meteorology in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/meteorology.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The science of the weather and the atmosphere: studying air, temperature, wind, clouds and rain to understand and predict the weather.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:m1:1
# text = The science of the weather and the atmosphere: studying air, temperature, wind, clouds and rain to understand and predict the weather.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	5	case	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
6	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	8	cc	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	atmosphere	atmosphere	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	11	punct	_	_
10	studying	study	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	11	amod	_	_
11	air	air	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	13	punct	_	_
13	temperature	temperature	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
14	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	15	punct	_	_
15	wind	wind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
16	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
17	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	11	conj	_	_
18	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	19	cc	_	_
19	rain	rain	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	17	conj	_	_
20	to	to	PART	TO	_	21	mark	_	_
21	understand	understand	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	acl	_	_
22	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	23	cc	_	_
23	predict	predict	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	21	conj	_	_
24	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
25	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **understand** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer |
| 3 | **predict** | infinitive |  | the weather |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot weather=Topic |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Meteorology is the science of the weather.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:x1:1
# text = Meteorology is the science of the weather.
1	Meteorology	meteorology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	4	det	_	_
4	science	science	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Meteorology | the science |  |  |  | of the weather | tree rules |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A scientist who studies meteorology is a meteorologist.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:x2:1
# text = A scientist who studies meteorology is a meteorologist.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	scientist	scientist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
3	who	who	PRON	WP	PronType=Rel	4	nsubj	_	_
4	studies	study	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	2	acl:relcl	_	_
5	meteorology	meteorology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
7	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	meteorologist	meteorologist	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **study** | present | a scientist | meteorology |  |  |  |  | vn learn-14-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meteorology=Topic |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a scientist | a meteorologist |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our class weather station is a small start in meteorology.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:x3:1
# text = Our class weather station is a small start in meteorology.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	4	nmod:poss	_	_
2	class	class	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
3	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	station	station	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nsubj	_	_
5	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	8	cop	_	_
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	start	start	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
9	in	in	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	meteorology	meteorology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Our class weather station | a small start |  | meteorology |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The Met Office uses meteorology to forecast storms.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:x4:1
# text = The Met Office uses meteorology to forecast storms.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
2	Met	Met	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	3	compound	_	_
3	Office	Office	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	_
4	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	meteorology	meteorology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	forecast	forecast	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	_
8	storms	storm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | the Met Office | meteorology |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meteorology=Patient |
| 2 | **forecast** | to-infinitive | the Met Office *not said here* | storms |  |  |  |  | tree rules |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Meteorology helps farmers know when to plant.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:x5:1
# text = Meteorology helps farmers know when to plant.
1	Meteorology	meteorology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	farmers	farmer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
4	know	know	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	7	advmod	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	plant	plant	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Meteorology |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **know** | infinitive | farmers |  |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V how S\_INF»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus |
| 3 | **plant** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Satellites have changed meteorology a lot.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:x6:1
# text = Satellites have changed meteorology a lot.
1	Satellites	satellite	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
2	have	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	changed	change	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
4	meteorology	meteorology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	lot	lot	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **change** | present · perfect | Satellites | meteorology |  |  |  | a lot *obl:unmarked* | vn dress-41.1.1-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent meteorology=Patient |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology issues weather warnings.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:x7:1
# text = In Australia, the Bureau of Meteorology issues weather warnings.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	2	case	_	_
2	Australia	Australia	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	5	punct	_	_
4	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	5	det	_	_
5	Bureau	Bureau	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	appos	_	_
6	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	Meteorology	meteorology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	8	compound	_	_
8	issues	issue	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	nmod	_	_
9	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	warnings	warning	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .note -->
The frames reader finds no event or fact in this sentence.

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Meteorology uses maths and computers to predict tomorrow's weather.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:meteorology:x8:1
# text = Meteorology uses maths and computers to predict tomorrow's weather.
1	Meteorology	meteorology	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	nsubj	_	_
2	uses	use	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	maths	math	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obj	_	_
4	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	5	cc	_	_
5	computers	computer	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	conj	_	_
6	to	to	PART	TO	_	7	mark	_	_
7	predict	predict	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	advcl	_	_
8	tomorrow	tomorrow	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod:poss	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	's	's	PART	POS	_	8	case	_	_
10	weather	weather	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **use** | present | Meteorology | maths and computers |  |  |  |  | vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent math=Patient |
| 2 | **predict** | to-infinitive | Meteorology *not said here* | tomorrow's weather |  |  |  |  | vn indicate-78 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot weather=Topic |
| 3 | **weather** |  | tomorrow |  |  |  |  |  | nom weather «phenomenon transitive»: poss=agent |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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