---
title: microbial — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «microbial» in the school dictionary: To do with microbes: tiny living things like bacteria, fungi and some algae that can only be seen with a microscope. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# microbial

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** Mould, microbial action, Antimicrobial soap, Scientists, Compost heaps, gut · **What happens:** do, see, cause, find, be, make · **To what, where:** tiny living things, Microbial life, Earth, kind, Yogurt, germs

<!-- .vabout -->
«microbial» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 8 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [microbial in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/microbial.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .note -->
Usage: science — kept apart, not parsed.

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
To do with microbes: tiny living things like bacteria, fungi and some algae that can only be seen with a microscope.

<!-- fold The tree, 21 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:m1:1
# text = To do with microbes: tiny living things like bacteria, fungi and some algae that can only be seen with a microscope.
1	To	to	PART	TO	_	2	mark	_	_
2	do	do	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	with	with	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	microbes	microbe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
5	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	8	punct	_	_
6	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	living	living	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	things	thing	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	conj	_	_
9	like	like	ADP	IN	_	10	case	_	_
10	bacteria	bacterium	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
12	fungi	fungus	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
13	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	15	cc	_	_
14	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	15	det	_	_
15	algae	alga	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	8	conj	_	_
16	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	20	nsubj	_	_
17	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	20	aux	_	_
18	only	only	ADV	RB	_	20	advmod	_	_
19	be	be	AUX	VB	VerbForm=Inf	20	aux:pass	_	_
20	seen	see	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	acl:relcl	_	_
21	with	with	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
22	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	23	det	_	_
23	microscope	microscope	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	20	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
24	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **do** | to-infinitive |  |  |  |  |  | with microbes and tiny living things like bacteria and fungi and some algae | vn act-114-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **see** | can · passive |  | tiny living things like bacteria and fungi and some algae |  |  |  | with a microscope | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Stimulus |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Caused by microbes: «a microbial infection».

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:m2:1
# text = Caused by microbes: «a microbial infection».
1	Caused	cause	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	8	advcl	_	_
2	by	by	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	microbes	microbe	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	1	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	:	:	PUNCT	:	_	1	punct	_	_
5	«	«	PUNCT	``	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
7	microbial	microbial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	infection	infection	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	»	»	PUNCT	''	_	8	punct	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	8	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cause** | participle |  |  |  |  |  | by microbes | vn result-27.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Precondition |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Microbial life is found almost everywhere on Earth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:x1:1
# text = Microbial life is found almost everywhere on Earth.
1	Microbial	Microbial	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nsubj:pass	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux:pass	_	_
4	found	find	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
5	almost	almost	ADV	RB	_	6	advmod	_	_
6	everywhere	everywhere	ADV	RB	PronType=Tot	4	advmod	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **find** | present · passive |  | Microbial life |  | Earth |  | everywhere *property* | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: subject=Topic |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Mould on bread is a kind of microbial growth.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:x2:1
# text = Mould on bread is a kind of microbial growth.
1	Mould	mould	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nsubj	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
3	bread	bread	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	nmod	_	_
4	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	cop	_	_
5	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	6	det	_	_
6	kind	kind	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
7	of	of	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	microbial	microbial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	amod	_	_
9	growth	growth	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is a** | present | Mould on bread | a kind |  |  |  | of microbial growth | tree rules |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Yogurt is made by microbial action on milk.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:x3:1
# text = Yogurt is made by microbial action on milk.
1	Yogurt	yogurt	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj:pass	_	_
2	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux:pass	_	_
3	made	make	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part|Voice=Pass	0	root	_	_
4	by	by	ADP	IN	_	6	case	_	_
5	microbial	microbial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	6	amod	_	_
6	action	action	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obl	_	_
7	on	on	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
8	milk	milk	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **make** | present · passive | microbial action on milk | Yogurt |  |  |  |  | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset subject=Product |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Antimicrobial soap helps kill germs.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:x4:1
# text = Antimicrobial soap helps kill germs.
1	Antimicrobial	antimicrobial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	2	amod	_	_
2	soap	soap	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	helps	help	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	kill	kill	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	3	xcomp	_	_
5	germs	germ	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **help** | present | Antimicrobial soap |  |  |  |  |  | vn help-72.1-1-1 «NP V NP S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Theme |
| 2 | **kill** | infinitive | Antimicrobial soap *not said here* | germs |  |  |  |  | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent germ=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Scientists look for signs of microbial life on Mars.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:x5:1
# text = Scientists look for signs of microbial life on Mars.
1	Scientists	scientist	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	look	look	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	for	for	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	signs	sign	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	obl	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	microbial	microbial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	nmod	_	_
8	on	on	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
9	Mars	Mars	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	7	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **look** | present | Scientists |  |  |  |  | for signs of microbial life on Mars | vn rummage-35.5 «NP V PP.location PP.theme»: agent=Agent for sign=Theme |
| 2 | **sign** |  |  | microbial life on Mars |  |  |  |  | nom sign «communication transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Compost heaps are full of microbial activity.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:x6:1
# text = Compost heaps are full of microbial activity.
1	Compost	compost	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	2	compound	_	_
2	heaps	heap	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
3	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
4	full	full	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
6	microbial	microbial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
7	activity	activity	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Compost heaps |  |  |  |  | of microbial activity; full *property* | tree rules |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Our gut has trillions of helpful microbial cells.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:x7:1
# text = Our gut has trillions of helpful microbial cells.
1	Our	our	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Plur|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	2	nmod:poss	_	_
2	gut	gut	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	nsubj	_	_
3	has	have	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
4	trillions	trillion	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	obj	_	_
5	of	of	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
6	helpful	helpful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	microbial	microbial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	cells	cell	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **have** | present | Our gut | trillions of helpful microbial cells |  |  |  |  | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent trillion=Patient |

## Example 8 {#x8}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Cooking food properly kills most harmful microbial life.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:microbial:x8:1
# text = Cooking food properly kills most harmful microbial life.
1	Cooking	cook	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	4	csubj	_	_
2	food	food	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obj	_	_
3	properly	properly	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	kills	kill	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
5	most	most	ADV	RBS	Degree=Sup	6	advmod	_	_
6	harmful	harmful	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
7	microbial	microbial	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	8	amod	_	_
8	life	life	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **cook** | gerund |  | food |  |  |  |  | vn cooking-45.3 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent food=Patient |
| 2 | **kill** | present | Cooking | harmful microbial life |  |  |  | properly *property* | vn remove-10.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent life=Theme |

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**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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