---
title: midge — school dictionary · trees and pragmatics
description: «midge» in the school dictionary: A midge is a tiny flying insect, a bit like a very small fly or mosquito, that often flies in clouds near water. Every meaning for a pupil with its dependency tree and pragmatics.
---

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# midge

<!-- .vintro -->
**Who acts:** midge, that, midges, Highland midge, cloud, Swallows · **What happens:** fly, be, bite, hover, cloud, swoop · **To what, where:** tiny flying insect, clouds, Scotland, people, lake, midges

<!-- .vabout -->
«midge» in the school dictionary: its 2 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: [midge in the school dictionary](https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/dictionaries/school/w/midge.md).

## Meaning 1 {#m1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A midge is a tiny flying insect, a bit like a very small fly or mosquito, that often flies in clouds near water.

<!-- fold The tree, 23 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:m1:1
# text = A midge is a tiny flying insect, a bit like a very small fly or mosquito, that often flies in clouds near water.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	midge	midge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	_
3	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	cop	_	_
4	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
5	tiny	tiny	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	7	amod	_	_
6	flying	fly	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	amod	_	_
7	insect	insect	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	10	punct	_	_
9	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
10	bit	bit	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	7	obl:unmarked	_	_
11	like	like	ADP	IN	_	15	case	_	_
12	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
13	very	very	ADV	RB	_	14	advmod	_	_
14	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	15	amod	_	_
15	fly	fly	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	10	nmod	_	_
16	or	or	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
17	mosquito	mosquito	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	15	conj	_	SpaceAfter=No
18	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	21	punct	_	_
19	that	that	PRON	WDT	PronType=Rel	21	nsubj	_	_
20	often	often	ADV	RB	_	21	advmod	_	_
21	flies	fly	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	7	conj	_	_
22	in	in	ADP	IN	_	23	case	_	_
23	clouds	cloud	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	21	obl	_	_
24	near	near	ADP	IN	_	25	case	_	_
25	water	water	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	23	nmod	_	SpaceAfter=No
26	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	7	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **fly** | gerund |  |  |  |  |  |  | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
| 2 | **is a** | present | a midge | a tiny flying insect |  |  |  | a bit like a small fly or mosquito *obl:unmarked* | tree rules |
| 3 | **fly** | present | that |  |  | clouds near water |  | often *property* | vn spatial\_configuration-47.6-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in cloud=Location |

<!-- .note -->
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

## Meaning 2 {#m2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Some midges bite, and in Scotland the Highland midge is famous for biting people on summer evenings.

<!-- fold The tree, 17 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:m2:1
# text = Some midges bite, and in Scotland the Highland midge is famous for biting people on summer evenings.
1	Some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	2	det	_	_
2	midges	midge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	3	nsubj	_	_
3	bite	bite	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	12	punct	_	_
5	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	12	cc	_	_
6	in	in	ADP	IN	_	7	case	_	_
7	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	12	obl	_	_
8	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	10	det	_	_
9	Highland	Highland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	10	compound	_	_
10	midge	midge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	12	nsubj	_	_
11	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	cop	_	_
12	famous	famous	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	3	conj	_	_
13	for	for	SCONJ	IN	_	14	mark	_	_
14	biting	bite	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	12	advcl	_	_
15	people	people	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obj	_	_
16	on	on	ADP	IN	_	18	case	_	_
17	summer	summer	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	18	compound	_	_
18	evenings	evening	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	14	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
19	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	3	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bite** | present | some midges |  |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |
| 2 | **is** | present | the Highland midge |  |  | Scotland |  | famous *property* | tree rules |
| 3 | **bite** | gerund | the Highland midge *not said here* | people |  |  | evening |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent people=Patient |

## Example 1 {#x1}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
A cloud of midges hovered over the lake.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:x1:1
# text = A cloud of midges hovered over the lake.
1	A	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	cloud	cloud	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	_
3	of	of	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	midges	midge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nmod	_	_
5	hovered	hover	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	over	over	ADP	IN	_	8	case	_	_
7	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	8	det	_	_
8	lake	lake	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	5	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **hover** | past | a cloud of midges |  |  | the lake |  |  | vn modes\_of\_being\_with\_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme over lake=Location |
| 2 | **cloud** |  |  | midges |  |  |  |  | nom cloud «phenomenon transitive»: of=patient |

## Example 2 {#x2}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
The midges in Scotland were biting us all evening.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:x2:1
# text = The midges in Scotland were biting us all evening.
1	The	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	2	det	_	_
2	midges	midge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	6	nsubj	_	_
3	in	in	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
4	Scotland	Scotland	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	_
5	were	be	AUX	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	6	aux	_	_
6	biting	bite	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
7	us	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	6	obj	_	_
8	all	all	DET	DT	PronType=Tot	9	det	_	_
9	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	6	obl:unmarked	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	6	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **bite** | past · progressive | the midges in Scotland | us |  |  | evening |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent we=Patient |

## Example 3 {#x3}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Swallows swooped to catch midges.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:x3:1
# text = Swallows swooped to catch midges.
1	Swallows	swallow	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	2	nsubj	_	_
2	swooped	swoop	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
3	to	to	PART	TO	_	4	mark	_	_
4	catch	catch	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	2	xcomp	_	_
5	midges	midge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	2	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **swoop** | past | Swallows |  |  |  |  |  | tree rules |
| 2 | **catch** | to-infinitive | Swallows *not said here* | midges |  |  |  |  | vn get-13.5.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent midge=Theme |

## Example 4 {#x4}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Put on midge spray before we go camping.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:x4:1
# text = Put on midge spray before we go camping.
1	Put	put	VERB	VB	Mood=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
2	on	on	ADP	IN	_	4	case	_	_
3	midge	midge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	4	compound	_	_
4	spray	spray	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	1	obl	_	_
5	before	before	SCONJ	IN	_	7	mark	_	_
6	we	we	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=1|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
7	go	go	VERB	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	1	advcl	_	_
8	camping	camp	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	7	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
9	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	1	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **put** | imperative | you *not said here* |  |  | midge spray |  |  | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: agent=Agent on spray=Destination |
| 2 | **go** | present | we |  |  |  |  |  | vn say-37.7 «NP V S-Quote»: agent=Agent clause=Topic |
| 3 | **camp** | gerund | we *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn odge-46-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme |

## Example 5 {#x5}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
I've got midge bites all over my arms.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:x5:1
# text = I've got midge bites all over my arms.
1	I	I	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs	3	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No
2	've	have	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=1|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	aux	_	_
3	got	get	VERB	VBN	Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	5	nsubj	_	_
4	midge	midge	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	3	obj	_	_
5	bites	bite	VERB	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	_
6	all	all	ADV	RB	_	9	advmod	_	_
7	over	over	ADP	IN	_	9	case	_	_
8	my	my	PRON	PRP$	Case=Gen|Number=Sing|Person=1|Poss=Yes|PronType=Prs	9	nmod:poss	_	_
9	arms	arm	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	5	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	5	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present · perfect | I | midge |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer midge=Stimulus |
| 2 | **bite** | present |  | my arms |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent arm=Patient |

## Example 6 {#x6}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
Midges are so small they can get through some mosquito nets.

```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:x6:1
# text = Midges are so small they can get through some mosquito nets.
1	Midges	midge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	_
2	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	cop	_	_
3	so	so	ADV	RB	_	4	advmod	_	_
4	small	small	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	0	root	_	_
5	they	they	PRON	PRP	Case=Nom|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	7	nsubj	_	_
6	can	can	AUX	MD	VerbForm=Fin	7	aux	_	_
7	get	get	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	4	parataxis	_	_
8	through	through	ADP	IN	_	11	case	_	_
9	some	some	DET	DT	PronType=Ind	11	det	_	_
10	mosquito	mosquito	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	11	compound	_	_
11	nets	net	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
12	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	4	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **is** | present | Midges |  |  |  |  | small *property* | tree rules |
| 2 | **get** | can | Midges *= midge* |  |  | some mosquito nets |  |  | vn escape-51.1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme through net=Destination |

## Example 7 {#x7}

<!-- .ven lang=en -->
In the evening, when the sun is getting low, and all the midges are beginning to bite, Peter saw a wide heath stretching before him.

<!-- fold The tree, 25 words -->
```conllu
# sent_id = dict:school:midge:x7:1
# text = In the evening, when the sun is getting low, and all the midges are beginning to bite, Peter saw a wide heath stretching before him.
1	In	in	ADP	IN	_	3	case	_	_
2	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	3	det	_	_
3	evening	evening	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
4	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	3	punct	_	_
5	when	when	ADV	WRB	PronType=Int	9	advmod	_	_
6	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	7	det	_	_
7	sun	sun	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
8	is	be	AUX	VBZ	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	9	aux	_	_
9	getting	get	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	_
10	low	low	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	17	punct	_	_
12	and	and	CCONJ	CC	_	17	cc	_	_
13	all	all	DET	PDT	PronType=Tot	15	det:predet	_	_
14	the	the	DET	DT	Definite=Def|PronType=Art	15	det	_	_
15	midges	midge	NOUN	NNS	Number=Plur	17	nsubj	_	_
16	are	be	AUX	VBP	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	17	aux	_	_
17	beginning	begin	VERB	VBG	Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Part	9	conj	_	_
18	to	to	PART	TO	_	19	mark	_	_
19	bite	bite	VERB	VB	VerbForm=Inf	17	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
20	,	,	PUNCT	,	_	22	punct	_	_
21	Peter	Peter	PROPN	NNP	Number=Sing	22	nsubj	_	_
22	saw	see	VERB	VBD	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin	9	conj	_	_
23	a	a	DET	DT	Definite=Ind|PronType=Art	25	det	_	_
24	wide	wide	ADJ	JJ	Degree=Pos	25	amod	_	_
25	heath	heath	NOUN	NN	Number=Sing	22	obj	_	_
26	stretching	stretch	VERB	VBG	VerbForm=Ger	25	acl	_	_
27	before	before	ADP	IN	_	28	case	_	_
28	him	he	PRON	PRP	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	26	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No
29	.	.	PUNCT	.	_	9	punct	_	_
```

<!-- .fr -->
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | **get** | present · progressive | the sun |  |  |  | evening | low *property* | vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S\_ING»: agent=Experiencer |
| 2 | **begin** | present · progressive | all midges |  |  |  |  |  | vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP V S\_INF»: agent=Agent clause=Eventuality |
| 3 | **bite** | to-infinitive | all midges *not said here* |  |  |  |  |  | vn swat-18.2 «NP V PP»: agent=Agent |
| 4 | **see** | past | Peter | a wide heath |  |  |  |  | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer heath=Stimulus |
| 5 | **stretch** | gerund | a wide heath *not said here* |  |  |  | before Peter |  | vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient |

<!-- div src -->

**Text:** the school dictionary of Mova's schools (`world/data/dictionary-schools/`), written for Mova. **Trees:** Mova's own parse — the `en` model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. **Frames:** Mova's frames reader (`prag`), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

<!-- /div -->

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